The processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is one of the key events contributing to Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Canonical cleavages by β- and γ-secretases lead to Aβ production which accumulate in amyloid plaques. Recently, the matrix metalloprotease MT5-MMP, referred to as η-secretase, has been identified as a novel APP cleaving enzyme producing a transmembrane fragment, ηCTF that undergoes subsequent cleavages by α- and β-secretases yielding the Aηα and Aηβ peptides, respectively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFParkinson disease (PD)-affected brains show consistent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitophagic dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying these perturbations and how they are directly linked remain a matter of questions. XBP1 is a transcription factor activated upon ER stress after unconventional splicing by the nuclease ERN1/IREα thereby yielding XBP1s, whereas PINK1 is a kinase considered as the sensor of mitochondrial physiology and a master gatekeeper of mitophagy process.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGenetic, biochemical, and anatomical grounds led to the proposal of the amyloid cascade hypothesis centered on the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. In this context, a bulk of efforts have aimed at developing therapeutic strategies seeking to reduce Aβ levels, either by blocking its production (γ- and β-secretase inhibitors) or by neutralizing it once formed (Aβ-directed immunotherapies). However, so far the vast majority of, if not all, clinical trials based on these strategies have failed, since they have not been able to restore cognitive function in AD patients, and even in many cases, they have worsened the clinical picture.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSeveral lines of recent evidence indicate that the amyloid precursor protein-derived C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) could correspond to an etiological trigger of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Altered mitochondrial homeostasis is considered an early event in AD development. However, the specific contribution of APP-CTFs to mitochondrial structure, function, and mitophagy defects remains to be established.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrains that are affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by the overload of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, but recent data from cellular and animal models propose that Aβ deposition is preceded by intraneuronal accumulation of the direct precursor of Aβ, C99. These studies indicate that C99 accumulation firstly occurs within endosomal and lysosomal compartments and that it contributes to early-stage AD-related endosomal-lysosomal-autophagic defects. Our previous work also suggests that C99 accumulation itself could be a consequence of defective lysosomal-autophagic degradation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: We recently demonstrated an endolysosomal accumulation of the β-secretase-derived APP C-terminal fragment (CTF) C99 in brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) mouse models. Moreover, we showed that the treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor (D6) led to further increased endolysosomal APP-CTF levels, but also revealed extracellular APP-CTF-associated immunostaining. We here hypothesized that this latter staining could reflect extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated APP-CTFs and aimed to characterize these γ-secretase inhibitor-induced APP-CTFs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRecent studies have suggested deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a promising therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Particularly, the stimulation of the forniceal area was found to slow down the cognitive decline of some AD patients, but the biochemical and anatomical modifications underlying these effects remain poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of chronic forniceal stimulation on amyloid burden, inflammation, and neuronal loss in a transgenic Alzheimer rat model TgF344-AD, as well as in age-matched control rats.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe triple transgenic mouse model (3×TgAD: APPswe, Tau, PS1) recapitulates both amyloid β (Aβ)- and tau-related lesions as well as synaptic and memory deficits. In these mice, we reported an early apathy-like behavior and alterations in synaptic plasticity appearing concomitantly with intraneuronal accumulation of C99 in the subiculum. To delineate the genuine contribution of C99 on the above phenotypes, we generated double transgenic mice (2×TgAD: APPswe, Tau) that accumulate C99 without Aβ deposition or hyperphosphorylation of tau and compared them to 3×TgAD mice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFp53 is a transcription factor that is implicated in the control of both apoptotic and autophagic cell death. This tumor suppressor elicits both pro-autophagic and anti-autophagic phenotypes depending of its intracellular localization. The ability of p53 to repress autophagy has been exclusively associated to its cytoplasmic localization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe mechanisms underlying ryanodine receptor (RyR) dysfunction associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) are still not well understood. Here, we show that neuronal RyR2 channels undergo post-translational remodeling (PKA phosphorylation, oxidation, and nitrosylation) in brains of AD patients, and in two murine models of AD (3 × Tg-AD, APP /PS1 ). RyR2 is depleted of calstabin2 (KFBP12.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics alterations are two major hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysfunctional mitochondria accumulate in Alzheimer's disease-affected brains by yet unexplained mechanisms.
Methods: We combined cell biology, molecular biology, and pharmacological approaches to unravel a novel molecular pathway by which presenilins control phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 (Pink-1) expression and transcription.
Endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) dysfunction is an early and prominent neuropathological feature of Alzheimers's disease, yet the exact molecular mechanisms contributing to this pathology remain undefined. By combined biochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural approaches, we demonstrate a link between EAL pathology and the intraneuronal accumulation of the β-secretase-derived βAPP fragment (C99) in two in vivo models, 3xTgAD mice and adeno-associated viral-mediated C99-infected mice. We present a pathological loop in which the accumulation of C99 is both the effect and causality of impaired lysosomal-autophagic function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe β-amyloid precursor protein undergoes cleavages by β- and γ-secretasses yielding amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease. Subsequently, Aβ peptides are targets of additional truncations or endoproteolytic cleavages explaining the diversity of Aβ-related fragments recovered in cell media or pathologic human fluids. Here, we focused on Aβ1-34 (Aβ34) that has been detected both in vitro and in vivo and that derives from the hydrolysis of Aβ by β-secretase.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTriple-transgenic mice (3xTgAD) overexpressing Swedish-mutated β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP(swe)), P310L-Tau (Tau(P301L)), and physiological levels of M146V-presenilin-1 (PS1(M146V)) display extracellular amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) deposits and Tau tangles. More disputed is the observation that these mice accumulate intraneuronal Aβ that has been linked to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits. Here, we provide immunohistological, genetic, and pharmacological evidences for early, age-dependent, and hippocampus-specific accumulation of the β-secretase-derived βAPP fragment C99 that is observed from 3 months of age and enhanced by pharmacological blockade of γ-secretase.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn Alzheimer disease (AD), the perturbation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca²⁺) homeostasis has been linked to presenilins, the catalytic core in γ-secretase complexes cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby generating amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Here we investigate whether APP contributes to ER Ca²⁺ homeostasis and whether ER Ca²⁺ could in turn influence Aβ production. We show that overexpression of wild-type human APP (APP(695)), or APP harboring the Swedish double mutation (APP(swe)) triggers increased ryanodine receptor (RyR) expression and enhances RyR-mediated ER Ca²⁺ release in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and in APP(swe)-expressing (Tg2576) mice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOne of the major pathological hallmarks of brains affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the senile plaque, an extracellular deposit mainly composed of a set of highly insoluble peptides of various lengths (39-43 amino acids) referred to as amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Aβ peptides are derived from combined proteolytic cleavages undergone on the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by a set of enzymes called secretases. Several lines of anatomical and biological evidence suggest that Aβ peptides would not account for all pathological stigmata and molecular dysfunctions taking place in AD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by renal, hepatic and pancreatic cyst formation and cardiovascular complications. The condition is caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 gene. In mice with reduced expression of Pkd1, dissecting aneurysms with prominent media thickening have been seen.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAutosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, the most frequent monogenic cause of kidney failure, is induced by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, encoding polycystins TRPP1 and TRPP2, respectively. Polycystins are proposed to form a flow-sensitive ion channel complex in the primary cilium of both epithelial and endothelial cells. However, how polycystins contribute to cellular mechanosensitivity remains obscure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochem Biophys Res Commun
October 2006
The K(+) channel TASK-3 is highly expressed in cerebellar granule neurons where it encodes the K(+) current IKso. Besides the role of TASK-3 in controlling cellular excitability and shaping neuronal responses, it has recently been proposed to contribute to the development and maturation of neurons in the cerebellum. K(+) dependent apoptosis and tumorigenesis have also been attributed to TASK-3 over-expression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe 2P domain K(+) channel TASK-3 is highly expressed in cerebellar granule neurons where it has been proposed to underlie the K(+) leak conductance, IKso. In a previous work we showed that expression of TASK-3 increases in cerebellar granule neurons as they mature in culture. Here we show that within the cerebellum, levels of TASK-3 mRNA increase as granule neurons migrate to their adult positions and receive excitatory mossy fiber input.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTREK-1 (KCNK2) is a K(2P) channel that is highly expressed in fetal neurons. This K(+) channel is opened by a variety of stimuli, including membrane stretch and cellular lipids. Here, we show that the expression of TREK-1 markedly alters the cytoskeletal network and induces the formation of actin- and ezrin-rich membrane protrusions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTREK-1 (KCNK2 or K(2P)2.1) is a mechanosensitive K(2P) channel that is opened by membrane stretch as well as cell swelling. Here, we demonstrate that membrane phospholipids, including PIP(2), control channel gating and transform TREK-1 into a leak K(+) conductance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRat mature cerebellar granule, unlike hippocampal neurons, die by apoptosis when cultured in a medium containing a physiological concentration of K+ but survive under high external K+ concentrations. Cell death in physiological K+ parallels the developmental expression of the TASK-1 and TASK-3 subunits that encode the pH-sensitive standing outward K+ current IKso. Genetic transfer of the TASK subunits in hippocampal neurons, lacking IKso, induces cell death, while their genetic inactivation protects cerebellar granule neurons.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF