The influence of lifestyle and environmental factors on host resilience through a homeostatic skin microbiota: An EAACI Task Force Report.

Human skin is colonized with skin microbiota that includes commensal bacteria, fungi, arthropods, archaea and viruses. The composition of the microbiota varies at different anatomical locations according to changes in body temperature, pH, humidity/hydration or sebum content. A homeostatic skin microbiota is crucial to maintain epithelial barrier functions, to protect from invading pathogens and to interact with the immune system.

Skin Barrier Function Assessment: Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Is Less Influenced by Daily Routine Activities Than Transepidermal Water Loss.

Background: Skin barrier function assessment is commonly done by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). An important limitation of this method is the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a lesser-established method for skin barrier function assessment.

Treatment of acute urticaria: A systematic review.

There are only a few clinical trials which address the treatment of acute urticaria (AU). Especially, the added value of systemic corticosteroids to antihistamines is unclear in treatment of severe AU. To review the existing evidence-based approaches for AU treatment.

Autoreactive IgE: Pathogenic role and therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmunity is the break of tolerance to self-antigens that leads to organ-specific or systemic diseases often characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoreactive antibodies (AAb) produced by plasmablast and/or plasma cells. AAb are prevalent in the general population and not systematically associated with clinical symptoms. In contrast, in some individuals, these AAb are pathogenic and drive the development of signs and symptoms of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases (AbAID).

Immunoglobulin E autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis associate with Type-2 comorbidities and the atopic march.

Background: Autoreactive immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to self-peptides within the epidermis have been identified in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Prevalence, concomitant diseases, patient characteristics, and risk factors of IgE autoantibody development remain elusive. We aimed to determine IgE autoantibodies in serum samples (n = 672) from well-characterized patients with AD and controls (1.

A Novel Method for Total IgE Purification from Human Serum.

For Ab purification, high-affinity chromatography is commonly used. This technique results in high-purity Abs, but it requires highly specific knowledge and equipment. Commercial kits for purification of IgE are not available.

The effect of resistance exercise on the immune cell function in humans: A systematic review.

Background: Resistance exercise is beneficial for the immune system, including decreased susceptibility to infections and improved effectiveness of vaccinations. This review aims to provide a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the impact of resistance exercise on immune cells in the blood circulation.

Materials And Methods: The protocol of this review followed the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020157834).

T-cell subsets in the skin and their role in inflammatory skin disorders.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are major players of the adaptive immune response. Naive T cells are primed in the presence of cytokines, leading to polarization into distinct T-cell subsets with specific functions. These subsets are classified based on their T-cell receptor profile, expression of transcription factors, surface cytokine and chemokine receptors, and their cytokine production, which together determine their specific function.

Autoreactive T cells and their role in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an itchy, non-contagious relapsing and chronic inflammatory skin disease that usually develops in early childhood. This pathology is associated with food allergy, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and anaphylaxis which may persist in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms of AD (endotypes) are just beginning to be discovered and show a complex interaction of various pathways including skin barrier function and immune deviation.

IgE autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells and their role in children and adults with atopic dermatitis.

The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is highly complex and understanding of disease endotypes may improve disease management. Immunoglobulins E (IgE) against human skin epitopes (IgE autoantibodies) are thought to play a role in disease progression and prolongation. These antibodies have been described in patients with severe and chronic AD, suggesting a progression from allergic inflammation to severe autoimmune processes against the skin.

Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).

With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS-CoV-2-induced coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies.

Nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction increases sensitization and mast cell degranulation in the absence of allergic inflammation.

Background: Increased epithelial permeability has been reported in allergic rhinitis, with histamine and type-2 inflammation being responsible for tight junction dysfunction. The impact of an epithelial barrier defect on allergic sensitization and mast cell (MC) degranulation remains speculative.

Methods: Transepithelial passage of allergens was evaluated on primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures.

Histamine and T helper cytokine-driven epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergic rhinitis.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by mucosal inflammation, driven by activated immune cells. Mast cells and T2 cells might decrease epithelial barrier integrity in AR, maintaining a leaky epithelial barrier.

Objective: We sought to investigate the role of histamine and T2 cells in driving epithelial barrier dysfunction in AR.

The role of innate lymphoid cells in airway inflammation: evolving paradigms.

Purpose Of Review: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) act as early orchestrators of the immune response, tissue repair, and maintenance of barrier homeostasis. This review summarizes recent findings of the role of ILCs in airway disease and highlights ongoing developments in clinical applications and treatment options.

Recent Findings: On the basis of the transcription factors required for their development and cytokine profiles, ILCs have been classified into three subsets that resemble those of T-helper subtypes.

Enhanced chemosensory sensitivity in patients with idiopathic rhinitis and its reversal by nasal capsaicin treatment.

Background: The therapeutic action of capsaicin treatment in patients with idiopathic rhinitis (IR) is based on ablation of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, receptor 1 (TRPV1)-substance P nociceptive signaling pathway. However, the functional consequences of capsaicin treatment on nasal nerve activation and the association between the reduction in nasal hyperreactivity (NHR) and response to capsaicin treatment remain unknown.

Objective: We sought to study the effects of capsaicin nasal spray on the afferent innervation of the nasal mucosa by monitoring trigeminal nerve activity in patients with IR and healthy control (HC) subjects.

Increasing time interval and decreasing allergen dose interval improves ex vivo desensitization of human blood basophils.

Background: Desensitization is a method for inducing temporary tolerance to allergen. The mechanism underlying desensitization is yet to be established.

Methods: Basophil granulocytes in whole blood from grass pollen allergic subjects were desensitized ex vivo by sequential addition of increasing allergen concentrations.

Impaired barrier function in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis is accompanied by decreased occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression.

Background: Tight junction (TJ) defects have recently been associated with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis. The expression, function, and regulation of nasal epithelial TJs remain unknown in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Objective: We investigated the expression, function, and regulation of TJs in the nasal epithelium of patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced AR and in an HDM-induced murine model of allergic airway disease.

Mast cell FcϵRI density and function dissociate from dependence on soluble IgE concentration at very low and very high IgE concentrations.

Objective: The contribution of affinity, clonality, and concentration of individual IgE species to effector cell response has recently been characterized in a model with recombinant human IgE on passively sensitized basophils. This study extends the dependence of effector cell degranulation on IgE concentration to mast cells cultured with IgE for 2 weeks.

Methods: Human mast cells cultured for 7 weeks from peripheral blood stem cells were matured for 2 weeks with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and recombinant human IgE consisting of two clones specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2 (Derp2) (7% + 7%) and unspecific IgE at 0.