Efficient removal of lipophilic compounds from sewage sludge: Comparative evaluation of solvent extraction techniques.

Municipal sewage sludge, a by-product of wastewater treatment plants, presents environmental challenges due to its complex composition. Particular concern is the lipophilic and aliphatic compounds that pose risks to the environment and human health. This study focuses on the efficient removal of those compounds from sewage sludge using several organic solvents (hexane, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, hexane-methanol mixture, ethanol, and methanol) and ionic liquids (ILs) like tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate by solvent extraction techniques.

Valorizing Biopolyester Suberin: Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Performance Assessment in 3D-Printed Biobased Acrylates.

Suberin, a common biomass processing waste, is a complex biopolymer and a promising source for the biorefinery of chemicals. Six different approaches for the extraction of birch outer bark suberin fatty acids (SFAs) were explored, and their application in grafting the surface of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was investigated. Successful CNC functionalization was controlled with FTIR and NMR analyses.

Antiradical and Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Containing 1,3-Dicarbonyl Moiety: An Overview.

Free radicals and oxidants may cause various damages both to the lifeworld and different products. A typical solution for the prophylaxis of oxidation-caused conditions is the usage of various antioxidants. Among them, various classes are found-polyphenols, conjugated polyalkenes, and some sulfur and nitrogen derivatives.

Spent Coffee Grounds Valorization in Biorefinery Context to Obtain Valuable Products Using Different Extraction Approaches and Solvents.

The valuable products that can be isolated from spent coffee ground (SCG) biomass consist of a high number of bioactive components, which are suitable for further application as raw materials in various production chains. This paper presents the potential value of the SCG obtained from large and local coffee beverage producers, for the production of valuable, biologically active products. Despite its high potential, SCG has not been utilized to its full potential value, but is instead discarded as waste in landfills.

The Synthesis of Bio-Based Michael Donors from Tall Oil Fatty Acids for Polymer Development.

In this study, the synthesis of a Michael donor compound from cellulose production by-products-tall oil fatty acids-was developed. The developed Michael donor compounds can be further used to obtain polymeric materials after nucleophilic polymerization through the Michael reaction. It can be a promising alternative method for conventional polyurethane materials, and the Michael addition polymerization reaction takes place under milder conditions than non-isocyanate polyurethane production technology, which requires high pressure, high temperature and a long reaction time.

Bio-Based Polymer Developments from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Exploiting Michael Addition.

In this study, previously developed acetoacetates of two tall-oil-based and two commercial polyols were used to obtain polymers by the Michael reaction. The development of polymer formulations with varying cross-link density was enabled by different bio-based monomers in combination with different acrylates-bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. New polymer materials are based on the same polyols that are suitable for polyurethanes.

Impact of Different Epoxidation Approaches of Tall Oil Fatty Acids on Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation.

A second-generation bio-based feedstock-tall oil fatty acids-was epoxidised via two pathways. Oxirane rings were introduced into the fatty acid carbon backbone using a heterogeneous epoxidation catalyst-ion exchange resin Amberlite IR-120 H or enzyme catalyst lipase B under the trade name Novozym 435. High functionality bio-polyols were synthesised from the obtained epoxidated tall oil fatty acids by oxirane ring-opening and subsequent esterification reactions with different polyfunctional alcohols: trimethylolpropane and triethanolamine.

Crystal structure of 3-hy-droxy-2-(4-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-phenyl-methyl)-5,5-di-methyl-cyclo-hex-2-enone.

In the title compound, CHO, a new starting compound for the synthesis of various heterocycles, the partially saturated six-membered ring adopts a sofa conformation. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed in the guaiacol residue. In the crystal, mol-ecules are assembled into a sheet structure parallel to the plane O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Synthesis of novel lupane triterpenoid-indazolone hybrids with oxime ester linkage.

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of novel lupane triterpenoid-indazolone hybrids with oxime ester linkage has been developed from naturally accessible precursor betulin. For the first time a series of betulonic acid-indazolone hybrids have been synthesized via an acylation of corresponding 6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-one oximes with betulonic acid chloride. Diastereoselective reduction of the obtained betulonic acid conjugates with NaBH resulted in a formation of betulinic acid-indazolone hybrids in excellent yields.

Crystal structure of 3-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-2-phenyl-ethen-yl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one.

The title compound, C22H16N2O2 {systematic name: 3-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-2-phenyl-ethen-yl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one}, consists of a substituted 2-[(E)-2-aryl-ethen-yl]-3-aryl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one skeleton. The substituents at the ethyl-ene fragment are located in trans positions. The phenyl ring is inclined to the quinazolone ring by 26.

Crystal structure of 5-[4-(di-ethyl-amino)-benzyl-idene]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione.

The title compound, C17H21NO4, consists of substituted Meldrum's acid with a [4-(di-ethyl-amino)-phen-yl]methyl-idene fragment attached to the fifth position. The heterocycle assumes a distorted boat conformation. The planar part of heterocycle is almost coplanar with the benzene ring due to the presence of a long conjugated system in the mol-ecule.

Zwitterionic and free forms of arylmethyl Meldrum's acids.

C-Alkyl (including C-arylmethyl) derivatives of Meldrum's acids are attractive building blocks in organic synthesis, mainly due to the unusually high acidity of the resulting compounds. Three examples, namely 5-[4-(diethylamino)benzyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione, C17H23NO4, (I), 2,2-dimethyl-5-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione, C16H20O7, (II), and 5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione, C15H18O7, (III), have been synthesized, characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and studied by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The nature of the different substituents resulted in remarkable differences in both the molecular conformations and the crystal packing arrangements.