The impact of acute stress on hormones and cytokines, and how their recovery is affected by music-evoked positive mood.

Stress and recovery from stress significantly affect interactions between the central nervous system, endocrine pathways, and the immune system. However, the influence of acute stress on circulating immune-endocrine mediators in humans is not well known. Using a double-blind, randomized study design, we administered a CO2 stress test to n = 143 participants to identify the effects of acute stress, and recovery from stress, on serum levels of several mediators with immune function (IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and somatostatin), as well as on noradrenaline, and two hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones (ACTH and cortisol).

Free-field study on auditory localization and discrimination performance in older adults.

Localization accuracy and acuity for low- (0.375-0.75 kHz; LN) and high-frequency (2.

Crossmodal interactions and multisensory integration in the perception of audio-visual motion -- a free-field study.

Motion perception can be altered by information received through multiple senses. So far, the interplay between the visual and the auditory modality in peripheral motion perception is scarcely described. The present free-field study investigated audio-visual motion perception for different azimuthal trajectories in space.

[Direct health-related costs of severely mentally ill patients and their informal carers in community care].

Objective: Within the last few years, a small number of German cost analyses of patients treated in community mental health care settings was presented. None of these studies, however, examined direct health care costs of the patients' close reference persons focusing on costs associated with providing informal care. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse health-related direct costs of severely ill patients suffering from affective or schizophrenic disorders, and of their informal carers during community mental health care; further, we examined if these costs differed between the diagnostic groups.

Assessing the opinions of relatives on the causes and social consequences of different mental disorders: are instruments cross-culturally valid?

Obtaining valid information about the opinions of relatives on the causes and social consequences of mental disorders should be an important component in specifically tailoring therapeutic interventions for relatives according to their needs. The available range of instruments is small, however, the most prominent being the Italian Questionnaire on the Opinions of the Family (QOF), developed specifically for schizophrenic disorders. The German validation study of this instrument sought to determine whether the subscale structure of the QOF can be replicated in a group of relatives (N=161) of patients with schizophrenic disorders as well as recurrent depressive and bipolar disorders.

Standardized assessment of psychopathology by relatives of mentally disordered patients. Preliminary results of using the positive and negative syndrome scale to compare schizophrenic and affective disorders.

Background: For optimizing the validity of diagnoses of mental disorders, several sources of information should be used to assess psychopathological symptoms. Among these are relatives of patients with mental illness. The very low number of empirical studies examining the assessment of psychopathology by relatives of adult, nondemented mentally ill patients stands in significant contrast to the clinical importance of this source of information, however.

[Psychotherapy with the elderly in outpatient settings: are elderly patients the easier ones?].

Elderly patient's preconditions for outpatient psychotherapy are compared with regard to symptom levels, psychological and bodily functioning, and interpersonal problems with groups of younger patients. Based on the Age and Disorder-Specific Model of Psychotherapy (ADS-MP) we predicted that the group of older patients exhibits more favorable preconditions for psychotherapy as well as a shorter duration of treatments than younger groups. A total of 169 outpatients from an university clinic were divided into four groups and compared.

[Teaching of psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy as an element of the Dresden DIPOL-Curriculum -- the PBL-course "Nervous system" and psyche].

A federal law, the "Approbationsordnung für Arzte", regulates Medical education in Germany. In 2002 a revised version of this law demanded of the medical faculties to implement interdisciplinary and problem-based (PBL) courses in their curriculum. Already in 1998 the faculty of medicine of the TU Dresden decided to reform the traditional curriculum.

What is a good tutorial from the student's point of view? Evaluation of tutorials in a newly established PBL block course "Basics of Drug Therapy".

Problem-based learning (PBL) within a tutorial is the core element in a 6-week block course "Basics in Drug Therapy" recently introduced into the medical curriculum of an eastern German university. Under the supervision of one tutor a group of 6-9 students solved a total of six clinical cases related to drugs used in general anaesthetics; to analgetic/antiphlogistic, antihypertensive, cardiovascular and lipid-lowering drugs; to drugs acting on the central nervous system; and to intoxicating agents. By answering questionnaires students and tutors extensively evaluated each individual case as well as the whole block course.