Reorganization of central auditory pathways in vestibular schwannoma: a diffusion tensor imaging study.

Purpose: Objective information about the central auditory pathways in vestibular schwannoma can guide strategies for hearing rehabilitation and prognostication. This study aims to generate this information using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Methods: This is a prospective observational single center study including 35 patients with vestibular schwannoma and 40 controls.

An international, prospective observational study on traumatic brain injury epidemiology study protocol: .

Background: The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear - it is estimated to affect 27-69 million individuals yearly with the bulk of the TBI burden in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). Research has highlighted significant between-hospital variability in TBI outcomes following emergency surgery, but the overall incidence and epidemiology of TBI remains unclear. To address this need, we established the Global Epidemiology and Outcomes following Traumatic Brain Injury (GEO-TBI) registry, enabling recording of all TBI cases requiring admission irrespective of surgical treatment.

Consensus-Based Development of a Global Registry for Traumatic Brain Injury: Establishment, Protocol, and Implementation.

Background And Objectives: Global disparity exists in the demographics, pathology, management, and outcomes of surgically treated traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the factors underlying these differences, including intervention effectiveness, remain unclear. Establishing a more accurate global picture of the burden of TBI represents a challenging task requiring systematic and ongoing data collection of patients with TBI across all management modalities.

Validity of Glasgow outcome scale-extended (GOSE) mobile application for assessment of outcome in traumatic brain injury patients.

Purpose: To develop the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) mobile application and examine the validity of the application against GOSE scoring based on traditional interview method.

Methods: Concurrent validity was determined by comparing two independent raters' scoring for GOSE of 102 patients with traumatic brain injury, who had attended outpatient department of a tertiary neuro hospital. Agreement was assessed between the traditional interview-based pen and paper scoring and algorithm based mobile application scoring of GOSE.

Neurotrauma clinicians' perspectives on the contextual challenges associated with traumatic brain injury follow up in low-income and middle-income countries: A reflexive thematic analysis.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health issue, but low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the greatest burden. Significant differences in neurotrauma outcomes are recognised between LMICs and high-income countries. However, outcome data is not consistently nor reliably recorded in either setting, thus the true burden of TBI cannot be accurately quantified.

Standardizing Cranioplasty Outcomes Following Stroke or Traumatic Brain Injury: Protocol for the Development of a Core Outcome Set.

Background: Core outcome sets (COSs) are important and necessary as they help standardize reporting in research studies. Cranioplasty following traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke is becoming increasingly common, leading to an ever-growing clinical and research interest, especially regarding the optimal material, cost-effectiveness, and timing of cranioplasty concerning neurological recovery and complications. Consequently, heterogeneous reporting of outcomes from such diverse studies has led to limited meta-analysis ability and an ongoing risk of outcome reporting bias.

Traumatic brain injury during COVID-19 pandemic-time-series analysis of a natural experiment.

Objectives: This study aims to find if the incidence and pattern of traumatic brain injury (TBI) changed during the COVID-19pandemic. We also aim to build an explanatory model for change in TBI incidence using Google community mobility and alcohol sales data.

Design: A retrospective time-series analysis.

Chaotic lipoma with proximal syrinx -a (not so) rare variant - review of the literature, possible embryology and management.

Chaotic lipomas are an extremely rare variant of spinal lipomas. This entity was first defined in 2009 by Pang and colleagues. Not much has been written about this variant.

Intracranial high-grade glioma with malignant progression of spinal intramedullary metastasis: an atypical presentation with review of literature.

Purpose: High-grade gliomas (grade 3 and grade 4) are known to be highly locally invasive and distant metastasis though known, rarely manifest clinically due to poor survival. Recently, due to increasing survival in view of early diagnosis at relatively young age, more cases of extra neural symptomatic metastasis are being diagnosed and treated. Among these, symptomatic spinal metastasis is even more rare.

Complex Chiari Malformation: Proposal of a New Set of Diagnostic Criteria and Outcomes After fusion Surgery.

Background: The proposal of C1-C2 fusion as a better treatment option compared with foramen magnum decompression (FMD) for the treatment of Chiari 1 malformations has led to controversy. Although FMD is a time-tested treatment option, a group of patients exists who will benefit from C1-C2 fusion. We have proposed an objective system for defining complex Chiari malformations and studied the outcomes of fusion with decompression versus decompression alone for these patients.

Neurotrauma clinicians' perspectives on the contextual challenges associated with long-term follow-up following traumatic brain injury in low-income and middle-income countries: a qualitative study protocol.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health concern; however, low/middle-income countries (LMICs) face the greatest burden. The WHO recognises the significant differences between patient outcomes following injuries in high-income countries versus those in LMICs. Outcome data are not reliably recorded in LMICs and despite improved injury surveillance data, data on disability and long-term functional outcomes remain poorly recorded.

Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Molecular Biomarkers for Intracranial Aneurysmal Rupture.

Introduction: Diagnosis of the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) relies on sophisticated neuro-imaging studies, and molecular biomarkers to identify an IA or predict its rupture are still unavailable.

Objective: Our objective was to determine the plasma microRNA (miRNA) expression profile in patients with ruptured IA presenting as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and identify potential biomarkers of aneurysmal rupture.

Methods: Plasma miRNA profiling was carried out using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 20 patients with aSAH and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

Management and outcomes following emergency surgery for traumatic brain injury - A multi-centre, international, prospective cohort study (the Global Neurotrauma Outcomes Study).

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for a significant amount of death and disability worldwide and the majority of this burden affects individuals in low-and-middle income countries. Despite this, considerable geographical differences have been reported in the care of TBI patients. On this background, we aim to provide a comprehensive international picture of the epidemiological characteristics, management and outcomes of patients undergoing emergency surgery for traumatic brain injury (TBI) worldwide.

The vascular protective role of oestradiol: a focus on postmenopausal oestradiol deficiency and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

The steroid hormone, oestradiol, has pleiotropic functions. The protective effects of oestradiol are attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-apoptotic, vasodilatory activities and regulation of micro RNA. Oestradiol upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression and increases the production of nitric oxide, an important vasodilator.

Anaplastic Ependymoma With Ganglionic Differentiation: Report of a Rare Case and Implications in Diagnosis.

Ependymomas are glial neoplasms with rare cases exhibiting neuronal differentiation. We describe a case of spinal anaplastic ependymoma with ganglionic differentiation in a 28-year-old woman. The ganglionic component was labeled by synaptophysin, whereas the rest of the tumor showed features of an anaplastic ependymoma.

Subclinical respiratory dysfunction in chronic cervical cord compression: a pulmonary function test correlation.

OBJECTIVE Respiratory abnormalities are well documented in acute spinal cord injury; however, the literature available for respiratory dysfunction in chronic compressive myelopathy (CCM) is limited. Respiratory dysfunction in CCM is often subtle and subclinical. The authors studied the pattern of respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic cord compression by using spirometry, and the clinical and surgical implications of this dysfunction.

Functional cortical reorganization in cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and changes associated with surgery.

OBJECTIVE The physiological mechanisms underlying the recovery of motor function after cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) surgery are poorly understood. Neuronal plasticity allows neurons to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or changes in their environment. Cortical reorganization as well as improvement in corticospinal conduction happens during motor recovery after stroke and spinal cord injury.

Craniofacial injuries in professional cricket: no more a red herring.

The issue of head injury in a noncontact sport like cricket is a matter of great debate and it carries more questions than answers. Recent incidents of fatal head injuries in individuals wearing a helmet have caused some to question the protective value of the helmet. The authors discuss the pattern, type of injury, incidents, and location of cranio-facio-ocular injuries in professional cricket to date.

Surgical management of petroclival meningiomas: Factors affecting early post-operative outcome.

Introduction: Petroclival meningiomas pose a major challenge to the treating neurosurgeon. The philosophy of treatment has changed over the decades from a nihilistic attitude to that of aggressive total excision to now a more tempered, maximal safe excision preventing morbidity followed by adjuvant treatment. Despite the advances in neurosurgery, surgical management of these tumours is still associated with sizable morbidity and mortality.

Three‑time point view of mild brain injuries' structural alteration and their association with cognitive domains.

Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for 70‑80% of total neurotrauma, majority among them manifest with cognitive deficits. Till date there are few/or no 3‑time‑point longitudinal studies that have evidenced brain volume changes. The current study has investigated volume changes at 3‑time‑points and their association with cognitive sequel.

EEG Neurofeedback therapy: Can it attenuate brain changes in TBI?

Background: Electroencephalogram Neurofeedback therapy (EEG-NFT) has several potential beneficial effects in terms of improving cognition and electrophysiological regulation among patients with brain injury. However, in vivo structural and functional changes remain less explored.

Objective: The aim of the present study is to explore EEG-NFT induced in vivo changes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.

Silent Epidemic: The Effects of Neurofeedback on Quality-of-Life.

Background: The complex interaction of human, vehicle and environmental factors along with a lack of sustainable preventive programs has contributed to the "silent epidemic" of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). TBI poses a grave threat to the quality-of-life (QOL).

Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of neurofeedback in QOL in patients with TBI.

Congenital anomalies at the craniovertebral junction-posterior fossa region: report of two cases.

Background: Various combinations of bony and soft tissue anomalies have been described at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). These include posterior fossa dermoids (with or without dermal sinuses) associated with Klippel-Feil anomalies and dermoids (no previous reports of overlying dermal sinuses) associated with bony anomalies.

Patients: Two patients with a combination of CVJ anomalies are described.

Dermoid cysts of the posterior fossa--morbid associations of a benign lesion.

Dermoid cysts of posterior fossa are uncommon benign lesions. They differ from other lesions found in the infra tentorial compartment by virtue of their associated conditions. Due to their association with dermal sinus tracts, intracranial infection is a potential threat following infection of the cyst.