Diabetic Retinopathy - Pathophysiology to Treatment: A Review.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disease affecting the eyes of diabetic patients, and is the most prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus. Vision improvement is not possible in the majority of DR patients. Several studies have indicated that microvascular changes, inflammation, oxidative stress, and retinal neurodegeneration are involved in the pathogenesis of DR.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Phytoconstituents for Addressing Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Neurodegenerative disorder is a serious condition that is caused by abnormal or no neurological function. Neurodegenerative disease is a major growing cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in the elderly. After World War Ⅱ, eugenics term was exterminated from medicines.

Recent Advances in the Prevention and Management of Monkeypox Viral Infection in Humans.

Background: There have been several neglected infectious pathogens that have reemerged in the last few decades, including the monkeypox virus, a virus from the orthopoxviral genus that causes monkeypox and is transmitted between animals and humans. The human monkeypox outbreak has spread to several different countries. Because of the outbreak's unusually high case count and lack of connections to endemic nations, there are concerns that the monkeypox transmission pattern may have changed.

Exploring multifunctional antioxidants as potential agents for management of neurological disorders.

Free radical or oxidative stress may be a fundamental mechanism underlying several human neurologic diseases. Therapy using free radical scavengers (antioxidants) has the potential to prevent, delay, or ameliorate many neurologic disorders. However, the biochemistry of oxidative pathobiology is complex, and optimum antioxidant therapeutic options may vary and need to be tailored to individual diseases.

Hidden pharmacological activities of valproic acid: A new insight.

Valproic acid (VPA) is an approved drug for managing epileptic seizures, bipolar disorders, and migraine. VPA has been shown to elevate the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain through competitive inhibition of GABA transaminase, thus promoting the availability of synaptic GABA and facilitating GABA-mediated responses. VPA, which is a small chain of fatty acids, prevents histone deacetylases (HDACs).

Naturally Inspired Pyrimidines Analogues for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifarious and developing neurodegenerative disorder. The treatment of AD is still a challenge and availability of drug therapy on the basis of symptoms is not up to the mark. In the context of existence, which is getting worse for the human brain, it is necessary to take care of all critical measures.

To Compare the Level of Cystatin C in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Obesity.

Background: Cystatin C is a non-glycosylated basic protein that is produced and secreted at a constant rate by all nucleated cells. Cystatin C is a more reliable marker than the serum creatinine because it is less affected by external factors such as gender, race and muscle mass. However, the comparison of serum cystatin C level in type 2 diabetes mellitus is not well known in people with obesity.

Cost-effective analysis of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis.

The main objective of the study was to perform the pharmacoeconomic analysis of synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A prospective, observational study was conducted in 98 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients meeting 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria. Treatment-naive RA patients were initiated on synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD/s) and followed up for 3 months.

Predictors of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis in Indian population.

Objective: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is leading cause of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a hallmark of most conditions that are associated with atherosclerosis and is therefore an early feature in atherogenesis. Biomarkers for rapid evolution of CV complications would be highly desirable for risk stratification.

Endothelial Progenitor Cells as a Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have reparative potential in overcoming the endothelial dysfunction and reducing cardiovascular risk. EPC depletion has been demonstrated in the setting of established atherosclerotic diseases. We evaluated whether reduced EPCs population are associated with endothelial dysfunction, subclinical atherosclerosis, and inflammatory markers in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients without any known traditional cardiovascular risk factor.

Predictors of Atherosclerosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Objective: Accelerated atherosclerosis associated with an enhanced inflammatory state, which characterizes ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is the leading cause of increased cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to assess carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) as a surrogate for subclinical atherosclerosis in AS patients and its possible correlation with disease-related clinical parameters.

Methods: We performed a prospective study of 30 consecutive patients meeting modified New York criteria for AS compared to 25 controls matched for age and sex.

Predictors of autonomic neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: Autonomic dysfunction occurs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the association between the autonomic dysfunction and inflammation has not been investigated in RA. We investigated the relationship between inflammation and ANS function in RA.

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs improve cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in psoriatic arthritis.

Background: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a significant risk predictor for sudden cardiac death in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. As yet, there is no therapeutic treatment of CAN in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Even now, the impact of the most commonly employed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy on CAN in PsA is not known.

Endothelial progenitor cell biology in ankylosing spondylitis.

Aim: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are unique populations which have reparative potential in overcoming endothelial damage and reducing cardiovascular risk. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the endothelial progenitor cell population in AS patients and its potential relationships with disease variables.

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs improve autonomic neuropathy in arthritis: DIANA study.

Autonomic neuropathy (AN) is a risk predictor for sudden cardiac death in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the impact of most commonly employed disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy on autonomic neuropathy in rheumatic diseases is not known. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of DMARDs on autonomic neuropathy in RA and AS.

Interleukin-6 blockade improves autonomic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well recognised and contributes to arrhythmia and sudden death. However, there is no study documented the therapeutic efficacy on autonomic neuropathy (AN) in RA. This is the first reported observation of improvement in AN with interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade with tocilizumab in RA.

Minocycline improves peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: MIND study.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic autonomic neuropathy are serious and common complications of diabetes associated with increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of minocycline in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral and autonomic neuropathy. In a randomized placebo controlled study, 50 outpatients were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg minocycline or placebo.

Autonomic dysfunction in psoriatic arthritis.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) involvement has been studied in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, and ankylosing spondylitis but still has not been studied in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and the nature of autonomic neuropathy in patients with PsA. Sixteen patients of PsA and 15 age and sex matched control subjects were studied prospectively using a battery of noninvasive tests.

Spironolactone improves endothelial dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis.

Chronic inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction which leads to accelerated atherosclerosis. Accelerated atherosclerosis contributes to premature cardiovascular disease and increased cardiovascular mortality in AS. Spironolactone inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and improves endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis.