Western Canadian dairy farmers' perspectives on the provision of outdoor access for dairy cows and on the perceptions of other stakeholders.

The provision of pasture and outdoor access for dairy cattle differs around the globe. For example, in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, dairy farms are largely pasture based, whereas dairy farms in the United States and Canada are largely confinement based. There is a high level of public support for pasture and outdoor access for dairy cows, and the available evidence shows that dairy cattle are highly motivated to access pasture, especially at night.

Perspectives of Western Canadian dairy farmers on providing outdoor access for dairy cows.

Dairy cows are highly motivated to access pasture, especially at night in summer. When pasture is not available, dairy cows show a partial preference for alternative types of outdoor access, spending half the night outside in summer on an outdoor sand or wood chip pack. However, many dairy farms do not provide cows outside access.

Double-injection method using peripheral nerve stimulator is superior to single injection in axillary plexus block.

Background And Objectives: Axillary block using a single-injection method does not always provide effective analgesia. This study examined whether a double axillary block injection technique is superior to a single injection axillary block.

Method: Fifty patients were randomly allocated to two groups.

Anaesthesia for microvascular surgery in children. A combination of general anaesthesia and axillary plexus block.

Nowadays, microvascular reconstructions are performed with high success rate even in small children. The combination of general anaesthesia and axillary plexus block was used in this prospective study in order to achieve optimal surgical conditions in these challenging operations. Fifteen children under eight years of age (1-8 years) were anaesthetised with a standardised anaesthesia method using a combination of general anaesthesia and axillary plexus block for microvascular toe-to-hand transfer.

Dixyrazine premedication for cataract surgery. A comparison with diazepam.

Peroral dixyrazine (15-30 mg, n = 50) and diazepam (4-10 mg, n = 50) were used as premedicants for geriatric patients having cataract surgery under regional block. Compared to the diazepam patients, a larger number of the dixyrazine medicated patients appeared anxious, and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups, when summing up changes in anxiety throughout the study period. The dixyrazine patients needed more frequent supplementation with intravenous sedative drugs, compared with their diazepam counterparts.

Regional anesthesia for microvascular surgery: a combination of brachial plexus, spinal, and epidural blocks.

Background And Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness, safety, and efficacy of the combined plexus brachial, spinal, and epidural blocks in free toe to hand transplantations.

Design: Prospective, case series.

Setting: Tampere University Hospital, Finland.

[Our experiences during cannulation of the subclavian vein in children (author's transl)].

With 260 children under 12 years of age we tried to cannulate the subclavian vein during 3 years 455 times, and were successful 391 times (85.9%). 43.