Hepatologists' Awareness and Knowledge of NAFLD and the Familiarity with Renaming NAFLD to MAFLD.

Background & Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging epidemic; it is a negative diagnosis that depends mainly on the presence of hepatic steatosis with or without inflammation after the exclusion of other chronic liver diseases and excess alcohol intake. However, the new definition of MAFLD is a shift towards a diagnosis of inclusion based on the presence of metabolic dysfunction, regardless of alcohol consumption or other concomitant liver diseases. Given the growing relevance of the disease, data on hepatologists' views and understanding of NAFLD are limited, we aimed to determine hepatologists' awareness and expertise of NAFLD screening, diagnosis, and therapeutic options as well as the influence of changing the NAFLD name to MAFLD on awareness of the fatty liver disease (FLD).

Defective Beclin-1 and elevated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression are closely linked to tumorigenesis, differentiation, and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Autophagy and hypoxia have been involved in HCC tumorigenesis. In the present study, we examined the relationship between Beclin-1 expression and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression in HCC by immunohistochemistry on 65 tumor specimens.