Recurrence-free survival after curative resection of non-small cell lung cancer between inhalational gas anesthesia and propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia: a multicenter, randomized, clinical trial (GAS TIVA trial): protocol description.

Background: Surgery is the primary treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but microscopic residual disease may be unavoidable. Preclinical studies have shown that volatile anesthetics might suppress host immunity and promote a pro-malignant environment that supports cancer cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, whereas propofol may preserve cell-mediated immunity and inhibit tumor angiogenesis. However, clinical evidence that propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) can reduce tumor recurrence after curative resection remains inconsistent due to the retrospective observational nature of previous studies.

Frequency domain analysis of photoplethysmographic and arterial pressure waveforms for assessing hemodynamics in children with congenital heart surgery.

Background: Time-domain parameters are less reliable in children due to increased arterial and chest wall compliance. We assessed the ability of indices derived from frequency analysis of photoplethysmography (PPG) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveforms to predict the hemodynamic state in children undergoing congenital heart surgery.

Methods: We analyzed waveforms after cardiopulmonary bypass period in 76 children who underwent total repair of congenital heart disease.

Preoperative low muscle mass and early postoperative outcomes in children undergoing living donor liver transplantation: A retrospective study.

Low skeletal muscle mass may develop in children with end-stage liver disease, affecting postoperative outcomes. We retrospectively investigated whether preoperative low muscle mass was associated with early postoperative outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Electronic medical records of children (age below 12 y) who underwent LDLT between February 1, 2007, and January 31, 2018, were reviewed.

Association Between Preoperative Sarcopenia and Early Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Total Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objectives: To identify the association between preoperative low muscle mass and early postoperative outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing total correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Design: A retrospective cohort study.

Setting: A single university hospital in Seoul, South Korea.

A look into hemostatic characteristics during pediatric liver transplantation using the thromboelastometry (ROTEM ) test.

There is a paucity of evidence about the coagulation profile regarding the complexity of children undergoing liver transplantation (LT). This study aimed to investigate intraoperative hemostatic changes during pediatric LT according to the etiology for LT and examine the ability of rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM , TEM International GmbH, Munich, Germany) as a point-of-care monitoring method. We evaluated 106 patients aged 3 months to 17 years undergoing LT for acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease, which consists of patients with cholestatic disease, metabolic/genetic disease, and cancer.

Excess out-of-hospital cardiac arrests due to ambient temperatures in South Korea from 2008 to 2018.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a notable public health issue with negative outcomes, such as high mortality and aftereffects. Additionally, the adverse effects of extreme temperatures on health have become more important under climate change; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between temperature and OHCA. In this study, we examined the association between temperature and OHCA and its underlying risk factors.

Clinical implication of intraoperative ventricular-arterial coupling in pediatric patients undergoing ventricular septal defects repair: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Ventricular-arterial coupling is the ratio of arterial elastance to ventricular end-systolic elastance.

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the clinical implication of intraoperative ventricular-arterial coupling derived from the pressure-area relationship using transesophageal echocardiography.

Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 72 pediatric patients with ventricular septal defects who underwent corrective surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Who are at high risk of mortality and morbidity among children with congenital heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery?

With advances in the development of surgical and medical treatments for congenital heart disease (CHD), the population of children and adults with CHD is growing. This population requires multiple surgical and diagnostic imaging procedures. Therefore, general anesthesia is inevitable.

Use of a High-Flow Nasal Cannula in a Child With a Functional Single Ventricle and Difficult Airway.

Inducing anesthesia and securing the airway without disrupting the patient's hemodynamic state are challenging in pediatric patients with a functional single ventricle (FSV). Here, the authors report effective use of a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) as a tool in providing oxygen supplementation for airway management in pediatric FSV patients with a history of a difficult airway. A female patient, aged 5 years 7 months, was admitted for extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure.

COVID-19 in South Korea: epidemiological and spatiotemporal patterns of the spread and the role of aggressive diagnostic tests in the early phase.

Background: South Korea experienced the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in the early period; thus data from this country could provide significant implications for global mitigation strategies. This study reports how COVID-19 has spread in South Korea and examines the effects of rapid widespread diagnostic testing on the spread of the disease in the early epidemic phase.

Methods: We collected daily data on the number of confirmed cases, tests and deaths due to COVID-19 from 20 January to 13 April 2020.

Sarcopenia as a prognostic factor for outcomes after isolated tricuspid valve surgery.

Background: Sarcopenia, characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass, is a comprehensive and objective marker of frailty and is associated with poor postoperative outcomes in adult surgery patients. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic implications of preoperative sarcopenia assessed by chest computed tomography in patients undergoing isolated tricuspid valve surgery.

Methods: This observational study retrospectively reviewed records of 144 consecutive adult patients who underwent isolated tricuspid valve surgery between January 2010 and December 2016.

A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Mechanically Ventilated Children after Neurosurgery.

Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with concurrent sedative and analgesic effects, and it is being increasingly used in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in mechanically ventilated children in the intensive care unit (ICU) after neurosurgery. Pediatric patients aged 2-12 years, who were mechanically ventilated in ICU after neurosurgery, were allocated into a low-dose ( = 15) or high-dose ( = 14) group.

Acute Change in Ventricular Contractility-Load Coupling After Corrective Surgery for Congenital Heart Defect: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Ventricular performance and its loading condition change drastically after surgical correction of congenital heart defect. Pressure-volume loops analysis can provide quantitative information about ventriculo-arterial coupling (VAC) indicating the interaction between ventricular contractility and loading condition. Therefore, we investigated changes in VAC after corrective surgery for ventricular septal defect (VSD)/tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and implication of ventriculo-arterial decoupling as a prognostic factor of post-operative outcomes.

Low Muscle Mass as a Prognostic Factor for Early Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Patients Undergoing the Fontan Operation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

The impact of low muscle mass on pediatric cardiac patients remains unclear. We investigated the impact of low muscle mass on early postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing the Fontan operation. The electronic medical records of 74 patients (aged <18 years) who underwent the Fontan operation were retrospectively reviewed.

Effect of different fraction of inspired oxygen on development of atelectasis in mechanically ventilated children: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: The use of high fraction of inspired oxygen (F O ) can cause direct pulmonary toxicity and pulmonary complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different F O on development of intraoperative atelectasis in mechanically ventilated children using lung ultrasound.

Methods: In this randomized controlled, patient- and sonographer-blinded trial, 86 children (≤6 years) undergoing noncardiac surgery were allocated into a low (n = 43) or high (n = 43) F O group.

Comparison of pulse pressure variation and pleth variability index in the prone position in pediatric patients under 2 years old.

Background: The assessment of intravascular volume status is very important especially in children during anesthesia. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) and pleth variability index (PVI) are well known parameters for assessing intravascular volume status and fluid responsiveness. We compared PPV and PVI for children aged less than two years who underwent surgery in the prone position.

Accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturations in children with congenital cyanotic heart disease: An observational study.

Background: Pulse oximetry overestimates arterial oxygen saturation (SaO ) at less than 90% saturation in cyanotic children. The Masimo Blue sensor (Masimo Corp., Irvine, CA) is a pulse oximetry sensor developed for use in children with cyanosis.

Respiratory Variation of Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow Peak Velocity Measured by Transfontanelle Ultrasound to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Infants: A Prospective Observational Study.

Background: Cranial sonography is a widely used point-of-care modality in infants. The authors evaluated that the respiratory variation of the internal carotid artery blood flow peak velocity as measured using transfontanelle ultrasound can predict fluid responsiveness in infants.

Methods: This prospective observational study included 30 infants undergoing cardiac surgery.

Manual vs pressure-controlled facemask ventilation during the induction of general anesthesia in children: A prospective randomized controlled study.

Background: Gastric insufflation frequently occurs during facemask ventilation in children. In the present study, we compared the incidence of gastric insufflation between pressure-controlled facemask ventilation and manual facemask ventilation during general anesthesia induction in children.

Methods: Children in the pressure-controlled ventilation group (n = 76) received pressure-controlled facemask ventilation at an inspiratory pressure of 13 cm H O.

Optimal inspiratory pressure for face mask ventilation in paralyzed and unparalyzed children to prevent gastric insufflation: a prospective, randomized, non-blinded study.

Background: Gastric insufflation is common during face mask ventilation and results in unfavourable respiratory events in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a muscle relaxant on gastric insufflation and determine the optimal inspiratory pressure during face mask ventilation in children.

Methods: Children aged one month to five years were randomly assigned to neuromuscular blocker (NM) or non-neuromuscular blocker (non-NM) groups.

Risk factors of acute kidney injury in children after cardiac surgery.

Background: The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI), including albumin, in children who underwent cardiac surgery. In addition, we evaluated the association between preoperative serum albumin level and postoperative AKI in these patients.

Methods: This retrospective study included 505 pediatric patients who underwent congenital cardiac surgery.

The Efficacy of Intraoperative EEG to Predict the Occurrence of Emergence Agitation in the Postanesthetic Room After Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Children.

Purpose: Emergence agitation (EA) is common after sevoflurane anesthesia, but there are no definite predictors. This study investigated whether intraoperative electroencephalography (EEG) can indicate the occurrence of EA in children.

Design: A prospective predictive study design was used.

Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypocapnia in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Hypocapnia has been associated with an increased risk and adverse outcomes in the injured brain. This study aimed to identify risk factors of intraoperative hypocapnia in pediatric neurosurgical patients when tidal volumes and respiratory rates were determined based on their weight and age, respectively.

Methods: Electronic medical records of pediatric patients (≤18 years) who underwent neurosurgery from December 2014 to January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.

Potential Role of Transfontanelle Ultrasound for Infants Undergoing Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt.

Objective: Transfontanelle ultrasound is a noninvasive method for assessing cerebral blood flow in neonates and infants. The authors applied this technique as a point-of-care tool, before and after modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure, to evaluate cerebral perfusion.

Design: Retrospective, observational study.

Utility of Perioperative Lung Ultrasound in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Pediatric cardiac patients are at risk for perioperative respiratory insufficiency. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of perioperative lung ultrasound examination in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Methods: In this randomized, controlled trial, children (5 yr old or younger) undergoing cardiac surgery were allocated into a control (n = 61) or intervention (n = 61) group.