Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Reassortment Study in Sheep.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) in ungulates and humans is caused by a mosquito-borne RVF phlebovirus (RVFV). Live attenuated vaccines are used in livestock (sheep and cattle) to control RVF in endemic regions during outbreaks. The ability of two or more different RVFV strains to reassort when co-infecting a host cell is a significant veterinary and public health concern due to the potential emergence of newly reassorted viruses, since reassortment of RVFVs has been documented in nature and in experimental infection studies.

Correlation Between Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines and Regional Case Fatality Rates During the Omicron Wave in Korea.

This study seeks to find the correlation between case fatality rates (CFRs) and third-dose vaccination coverage in 244 counties (//) of South Korea during the omicron variant wave. Multivariate regression analyses report that the higher third-dose vaccination rates were correlated with lower regional CFRs, when controlling for age structure. If the third-dose vaccination rate of a county is higher by 10%, it would have a CFR lower by 0.

High dose of vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored Ebola virus vaccine causes vesicular disease in swine without horizontal transmission.

The recent impact of Ebola virus disease (EVD) on public health in Africa clearly demonstrates the need for a safe and efficacious vaccine to control outbreaks and mitigate its threat to global health. ERVEBO® is an effective recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)-vectored Ebola virus vaccine (VSV-EBOV) that was approved by the FDA and EMA in late 2019 for use in prevention of EVD. Since the parental virus VSV, which was used to construct VSV-EBOV, is pathogenic for livestock and the vaccine virus may be shed at low levels by vaccinated humans, widespread deployment of the vaccine requires investigation into its infectivity and transmissibility in VSV-susceptible livestock species.

DNA-Protein Vaccination Strategy Does Not Protect from Challenge with African Swine Fever Virus Armenia 2007 Strain.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes high morbidity and mortality in swine (), for which there is no commercially available vaccine. Recent outbreaks of the virus in Trans-Caucasus countries, Eastern Europe, Belgium and China highlight the urgent need to develop effective vaccines against ASFV. Previously, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a vaccination strategy designed to test various combinations of ASFV antigens encoded by DNA plasmids and recombinant proteins with the aim to activate both humoral and cellular immunity.

Susceptibility of White-Tailed Deer to Rift Valley Fever Virus.

Rift Valley fever virus, a zoonotic arbovirus, poses major health threats to livestock and humans if introduced into the United States. White-tailed deer, which are abundant throughout the country, might be sentinel animals for arboviruses. We determined the susceptibility of these deer to this virus and provide evidence for a potentially major epidemiologic role.

Shope Fibroma in the External Ear Canal of a Domestic Rabbit.

A 5-y-old, intact, 2.5-kg female domestic rabbit was presented because of blood spatter on the wall of its cage and the toenails of its right hind limb. Physical examination revealed a red, gelatinous mass that spanned the width of the right vertical ear canal.

SUSPECTED FENBENDAZOLE TOXICITY IN AN AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN (PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS).

A wild-raised, 5.0-kg male American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) of unknown age presented for routine examination at both the start and completion of a 30-day quarantine period at a zoological park. Upon physical examination, the pelican was bright, alert, and responsive and in good body condition.

Genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Korea from 1998 to 2013.

The number of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) cases has increased over the past 20 years in Korea, with a major outbreak in 2013. A total of 27 Korean strains from 1998 to 2013 were analyzed (excluding the noncoding regions) and divided into two groups for comparison of the spike (S), ORF3, envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) genes with those of reference strains, vaccine strains, and previously identified strains based on phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of the selection patterns of PEDV isolated in Korea indicated positive selection of nine nonsynonymous sites in the S and N proteins and negative selection at 97 sites for all of the proteins.

Functional hierarchy of herpes simplex virus type-1 membrane proteins in corneal infection and virus transmission to ganglionic neurons.

Purpose: To determine the relative importance of viral glycoproteins gK, gM, gE and the membrane protein UL11 in infection of mouse corneas and ganglionic neurons.

Methods: Mouse eyes were scarified and infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1(F), gE-null, gM-null, gK-null, or UL11-null viruses. Clinical signs of ocular disease were monitored daily.

Herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein M and the membrane-associated protein UL11 are required for virus-induced cell fusion and efficient virus entry.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) facilitates virus entry into cells and cell-to-cell spread by mediating fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes and fusion of adjacent cellular membranes. Although virus strains isolated from herpetic lesions cause limited cell fusion in cell culture, clinical herpetic lesions typically contain large syncytia, underscoring the importance of cell-to-cell fusion in virus spread in infected tissues. Certain mutations in glycoprotein B (gB), gK, UL20, and other viral genes drastically enhance virus-induced cell fusion in vitro and in vivo.

Functional hierarchy of herpes simplex virus 1 viral glycoproteins in cytoplasmic virion envelopment and egress.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) viral glycoproteins gD (carboxyl terminus), gE, gK, and gM, the membrane protein UL20, and membrane-associated protein UL11 play important roles in cytoplasmic virion envelopment and egress from infected cells. We showed previously that a recombinant virus carrying a deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 29 amino acids of gD (gDΔct) and the entire gE gene (ΔgE) did not exhibit substantial defects in cytoplasmic virion envelopment and egress (H. C.

Escherichia coli expressing single-chain Fv on the cell surface as a potential prophylactic of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of severe diarrhea which leads to death in piglets. Because of the high mortality which is up to 100% in suckling piglets, PED is an important porcine disease in Korea. In this study, we developed a prophylactic candidate using single-chain Fvs to prevent the PEDV infection.

Multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are major etiological agents of diarrhea and death in piglets. Multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was developed for simultaneous differential quantification of each virus in a single reaction tube, using Cy5- and FAM-labeled TaqMan-probes based on sequences from the TGEV and PEDV nucleocapsid genes. The copy numbers for transcripts of TGEV and PEDV were quantified using this assay over a range from 9x10(7) to 9x10(1) copies and 7x10(7) to 7x10(1) copies, respectively.

Identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in Korean native goat (Capra hircus).

In the genus Pestivirus, four genetically distinct viral species are currently recognized: bovine viral diarrhea viruses type 1 and 2 (BVDV-1, BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and border disease virus (BDV). BVDV-1 and BDV infections have been described in goat species. Since 1998, border disease (BD) like symptoms in goats have been reported repeatedly in two southern-most provinces of Korea, which until then had been regarded as being free from BD.

Development of monoclonal antibody-linked ELISA for sero-diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-IN) using baculovirus expressed glycoprotein.

The gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein (GP) of vesicular stomatitis virus serotype, Indiana (VSV-IN), was expressed under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. The recombinant GP was applied as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of cattle and horse antibodies to VSV. In addition, the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (Mab) to GP of VSV-IN was used as trapping antibody in a Mab-linked indirect ELISA (MLI-ELISA) or detecting antibody in a Mab-linked competitive ELISA (MLC-ELISA).

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from South Korea.

A molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 Korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. Seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. The study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) coding regions and nucleotide sequence of the G-L intergenic (Psi) non-coding region of the isolates.