Evidence-based management guidelines for noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adolescents.

Noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease that carries high socioeconomic and medical burdens and is caused by diverse respiratory illnesses. To improve clinical outcomes, early recognition, active treatment of exacerbations, and prevention of further exacerbations are essential. However, evidence for the treatment and prevention of acute exacerbation of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, especially in children, is lacking.

Therapeutic effectiveness of probiotics for atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with subgroup analysis.

Background: The effect of probiotics in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is inconclusive, partially due to the heterogeneities of AD.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of AD with a subgroup analysis according to country, severity of AD, duration of supplementation, and probiotic strain.

Methods: Original articles reporting the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics for AD were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library databases, and Embase from inception to September 30, 2022.

Effect of Vitamin D on the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis With Consideration of Heterogeneities: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Various therapeutic approaches, including supplemental nutritional support, have been tried for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Previous studies have reported the role of vitamin D in the treatment of AD with inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D in the treatment of AD, with considerations on the heterogeneities of AD.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus common human coronaviruses: a national multicenter study.

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoV) cause mild upper respiratory infections; however, in 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged, causing an acute respiratory disease pandemic. Coronaviruses exhibit marked epidemiological and clinical differences.

Purpose: This study compared the clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus HCoV.

Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents.

Background: Respiratory infections among children, particularly community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), is a major disease with a high frequency among outpatient and inpatient visits. The causes of CAP vary depending on individual susceptibility, the epidemiological characteristics of the community, and the season. We performed this study to establish a nationwide surveillance network system and identify the causative agents for CAP and antibiotic resistance in Korean children with CAP.

Clinical Characteristics of Macrolide-Refractory Pneumonia in Korean Children: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

is a major causative pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children, and the treatment of choice is macrolides. There is an increasing trend in reports of refractory clinical responses despite macrolide treatment due to the emergence of macrolide-resistant . Early discrimination of macrolide-refractory pneumonia (MrMP) from macrolide-sensitive pneumonia (MSMP) is vital; however, testing for macrolide susceptibility at the time of admission is not feasible.

Long-term macrolide treatment for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children: a meta-analysis.

Recurrent bacterial infection causes frequent bronchiectasis (BE) exacerbations. The effectiveness and safety of long-term administration of macrolides in BE remain controversial, especially in children who require minimal treatment to prevent exacerbation. We conducted this meta-analysis to determine the usefulness of long-term macrolide use in pediatric BE.

Mortality and morbidity in children with asthma: A nationwide study in Korea.

Objective: Childhood mortality due to asthma remains problematic; however, asthma-related mortality in Korean children has not been previously described. This study aimed to estimate asthma mortality and morbidity and determine to what extent asthma contributes to childhood mortality in Korea.

Methods: Data from 9 to 12 million children (aged < 18 years) per year recorded for each year between 2002 and 2015 were retrieved from the Korea National Health Insurance claims database.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Related to COVID-19: the First Case in Korea.

Since mid-April 2020, cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 that mimics Kawasaki disease (KD) have been reported in Europe and North America. However, no cases have been reported in Korea. We describe an 11-year old boy with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea who developed hypotension requiring inotropes in intensive care unit.

Annual and seasonal patterns in etiologies of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia due to respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae requiring hospitalization in South Korea.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading worldwide causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. Its disease burden varies by age and etiology and is time dependent. We aimed to investigate the annual and seasonal patterns in etiologies of pediatric CAP requiring hospitalization.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) in Children and the Specialized CRRT Team: A 14-Year Single-Center Study.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been used as an important intervention in critically ill children. Our center has the only specialized CRRT team (SCT) for children in Korea, which consists of pediatric intensivists, a pediatric nephrologist and CRRT-specialized-nurses. This study was a retrospective single-center analysis, including all pediatric patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Severance hospital in Korea and received CRRT between 2003 and 2016, grouped as before SCT (group A, 51) and after SCT (group B, 212).

Efficacy of glucocorticoids for the treatment of macrolide refractory mycoplasma pneumonia in children: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common pathogens causing community acquired pneumonia in children. Although the rate of macrolide-refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) has increased, systemic glucocorticoids as a treatment option has not been validated yet. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of glucocorticoids add-on in the treatment of MRMP in children through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oxygenation Index in the First 24 Hours after the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as a Surrogate Metric for Risk Stratification in Children.

Background: The diagnosis of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is a pragmatic decision based on the degree of hypoxia at the time of onset. We aimed to determine whether reclassification using oxygenation metrics 24 hours after diagnosis could provide prognostic ability for outcomes in PARDS.

Methods: Two hundred and eighty-eight pediatric patients admitted between January 1, 2010 and January 30, 2017, who met the inclusion criteria for PARDS were retrospectively analyzed.

Pediatric Home Mechanical Ventilation in Korea: the Present Situation and Future Strategy.

Background: The number of children using home mechanical ventilation (HMV) has increased markedly in Europe and North America, but little is known about the situation in Korea. We described the clinical characteristics of children using HMV and investigated the current situation of HMV utilization in children.

Methods: Data on HMV prescriptions in year 2016 for children under the age of 19 was retrieved from the National Health Insurance Service for nationwide information.

A deep learning model for real-time mortality prediction in critically ill children.

Background: The rapid development in big data analytics and the data-rich environment of intensive care units together provide unprecedented opportunities for medical breakthroughs in the field of critical care. We developed and validated a machine learning-based model, the Pediatric Risk of Mortality Prediction Tool (PROMPT), for real-time prediction of all-cause mortality in pediatric intensive care units.

Methods: Utilizing two separate retrospective observational cohorts, we conducted model development and validation using a machine learning algorithm with a convolutional neural network.

Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Modulates Th2 Immune Response in Atopic Dermatitis.

Purpose: Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is highly expressed on dendritic cells. ALCAM and its receptor CD6 are co-stimulatory molecules in the immunological synapse; their interaction is required for T cell activation. While atopic dermatitis (AD) is recognized as a T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated allergic disease, the role of ALCAM in its pathogenesis is unclear.

Reduction Rate of Specific IgE Level as a Predictor of Persistent Egg Allergy in Children.

Purpose: Egg is the most common food allergen in infants. However, the natural course of egg allergy has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics and to identify prognostic factors associated with tolerance acquisition of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated egg allergy in children.

Quantitative CT and pulmonary function in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of CT-based quantitative airway and air-trapping measurements and to assess their correlation with pulmonary function in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO).

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study approved by the institutional review board included chest CT scans and pulmonary function tests (PFT) completed between January 2005 and December 2016 in children diagnosed with PIBO. The quantitative analysis of segmental and subsegmental bronchi was performed on each chest CT scan, measuring the areas or diameters of lumens, walls, or the entire airway.

Prescription Patterns and Burden of Pediatric Asthma in Korea.

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, prescription pattern and burden of pediatric asthma in Korea by analyzing the National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the insurance claim records from the Korean NHI claims database from January 2010 to December 2014. Asthmatic patients were defined as children younger than 18 years, with appropriate 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases codes (J45 or J46) and a prescription for 1 or more asthma maintenance medications at the same date.

Exhaled breath temperature as a tool for monitoring asthma control after an attack in children.

Background: Exhaled breath temperature (EBT) has been suggested as a non-invasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma. There have been no studies examining longitudinal changes in EBT following asthma attacks.

Objective: To investigate changes in EBT during and after an asthma attack and to relate these changes to changes in respiratory physiological measurements.

Assessment of within-breath impulse oscillometry parameters in children with asthma.

Background: Impulse oscillometry (IOS) measures respiratory resistance and reactance during tidal breaths and is a convenient tool for evaluation of lung function. Respiratory resistance and reactance can be measured separately during inspiration and expiration (inspiratory-expiratory analysis).

Objective: We investigated the differences in inspiratory-expiratory measurements obtained using IOS between children with and without asthma.

Korean Youth with Comorbid Allergic Disease and Obesity Show Heightened Psychological Distress.

Objective: To explore psychological distress in Korean adolescents having allergic disease comorbid with obesity.

Study Design: A total of 703 869 adolescents who completed the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey between 2007 and 2016 were analyzed. Participants were divided into 4 groups-healthy control, allergic disease only, obesity only, and comorbidity of allergic disease and obesity-and compared them to determine whether they showed differences in mental health.