Topography and Anatomical Variations of the Axillary Artery.

Knowledge of anatomical variations of the limb's main arteries is significant for the clinicians. Thus, this study is aimed at examining the branching pattern and anatomical variations of the axillary artery. We conducted research on 59 upper limbs of adult human donated cadavers.

Accessory head of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle merging with extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.

Purpose: The retention and capture functions of hand can be achieved by the consistent manner work of the extensor and flexor muscles. Therefore, it is important to know variations of the extensor and flexor muscles.

Methods: During an educational dissection, accessory heads of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle were found on the right side in a Korean cadaver.

Mutation of the TERT promoter leads to poor prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Mutations in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and alterations in telomere length (TL) have been the focus of research in various types of cancer. In the present study, the frequency and clinical characteristics of TERT promoter mutations and TL were studied in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). TERT promoter mutations and TL were analyzed in 188 patients using DNA sequencing and the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Loss of the Association between Telomere Length and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Contribute to Colorectal Carcinogenesis.

Positive association between telomere length and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number were introduced in healthy and patients with psychiatric disorder. Based on frequent genetic changes of telomere and mitochondria in colorectal carcinomas (CRC), we studied their clinical characteristics and their association in colorectal carcinogenesis. DNA was extracted from 109 CRCs, 64 colorectal tubular adenomas (TAs), and 28 serrated polyps (SPs), and then, telomere length and mtDNA copy number were analyzed in these legions by using a real-time PCR assay.

Topographical relations between the Gantzer's muscle and neurovascular structures.

Purpose: Gantzer's muscle (GM) is an additional muscle in the forearm, which develops as an accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus or the flexor digitorum profundus. The study aimed to determine the topography of the GM and to define the topographical relationship between the GM and the neurovascular structures surrounding it.

Methods: After confirming the presence of GM, its topography and the neurovascular structures were analyzed to determine the correlation between them in 73 upper limbs.

Muscular axillary arch accompanying variation of the musculocutaneous nerve: axillary arch.

Continuous attention has been developed on the anatomical variations of the axilla in anatomist and surgeon due to their clinical importance. The axillary region is an anatomical space between the lateral part of the chest wall and the medial aspect of the upper limb. During the routine dissection of embalmed cadavers, we found variant muscular slip originating from the lateral border of tendinous part of the latissimus dorsi and continuing 9 cm more crossing the axilla.

A radial artery originating from the thoracoacromial artery.

Purpose: The purpose of this case report is to report a rare vascular variation in the upper limbs because of its clinical importance and embryological implication.

Methods: During the educational dissection of a 73-year-old Korean male cadaver`s right upper limb, we found a variant branch which is originated from the thoracoacromial artery.

Results: The variant branch from the thoracoacromial artery ran to the distal forearm in the deep fascia.

Absence of GNAS mutation in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Aims And Background: The incidence rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) increases every year in Korean populations. However, association between the GNAS mutation and colorectal precancerous lesions has not been studied in in Korean populations. To contribute to better understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis, we analyzed GNAS mutation in 100 cancerous and 96 precancerous colorectal lesions.

Are PIK3CA Mutation and Amplification Associated with Clinicopathological Characteristics of Gastric Cancer?

Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been studied in various cancers. However, the clinical value of mtDNA copy number (mtCN) alterations in gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether alterations in mtCNs might be associated with clinicopathological parameters in GC cases.

PIK3CA Amplification Is Common in Left Side-Tubular Adenomas but Uncommon Sessile Serrated Adenomas Exclusively with KRAS Mutation.

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disorder than arises via multiple distinct pathways, from tubular adenomas (TAs) and sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs), which are clinically, morphologically, and molecularly different. We examined PIK3CA amplification in colorectal precancerous legions, including TAs and SSAs. DNA was isolated from paired normal and tumoral tissues in 64 TAs and 32 SSAs.

Variations of the cubital superficial vein investigated by using the intravenous illuminator.

The purpose of this study was to report variations of the cubital superficial vein patterns in the Korean subjects, which was investigated by using venous illuminator, AccuVein. The 200 Korean subjects were randomly chosen from the patients and staff of the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center in Daegu, Korea. After excluding the inappropriate cases for detecting venous pattern, we collected 174 cases of right upper limbs and 179 cases of left upper limbs.

Genetic characteristics of mitochondrial DNA was associated with colorectal carcinogenesis and its prognosis.

Clinical value of mitochondrial DNA has been described in colorectal cancer (CRC). To clarify its role in colorectal carcinogenesis, mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) and other markers were investigated in CRCs and their precancerous lesions, as a multitier genetic study. DNA was isolated from paired normal and tumoral tissues in 78 tubular adenomas (TAs), 34 serrated polyps (SPs), and 100 CRCs.

Is mitochondrial DNA copy number associated with clinical characteristics and prognosis in gastric cancer?

Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been studied in various cancers. However, the clinical value of mtDNA copy number (mtCN) alterations in gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether alterations in mtCNs might be associated with clinicopathological parameters in GC cases.

The ileocolic vein passing through the ring-shaped part of ileocolic artery.

Purpose: The purpose of this case report is to report vascular variations in the abdomen because of its clinical importance for the surgeries like acute abdominal emergencies and symptomatic aneurysms. Here, we report an extremely rare case with an ileocolic vein passing through the annulus of the ileocolic artery.

Methods: During the routine dissection, we found an ileocolic vein perforating through a ring-shaped ileocolic artery.

The double retro-aortic left renal vein.

The renal veins drain the kidney into the inferior vena cava and unite in a variable fashion to form the renal vein. The left renal vein is normally located in front of the aorta. However, the retro-aortic renal vein may course posterior to the aorta due to embryological developmental anomalies.

The lateral thoracic artery passing through duplicated axillary vein: a case report.

The axillary vein is a large-blood vessel that lies on the medial side to the axillary artery. The veins of the axilla are more abundant than the arteries and their variations were extremely common. During educational dissection, a rare form of the axillary vein accompanying arterial variation was founded in left arm of 70-year-old female cadaver.

Different frequency of the absence of the palmaris longus according to assessment methods in a Korean population.

The palmaris longus (PL) is a slender, spindle-shaped weak flexor of the wrist. Congenital absence of the PL is estimated to occur in 15% among individuals worldwide. However, the frequency of its absence varies considerably among different population groups and with different detection techniques.

Bilateral variations of the head of the digastric muscle in Korean: a case report.

The digastric muscle, as the landmark in head and neck surgery, has two bellies, of which various variations have been reported. In the submental region of a 72-year-old Korean male cadaver, bilateral variations were found in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Two accessory bellies, medial to the two normal anterior bellies of the digastric muscle, ran posterior and medially, merging and attaching at the mylohyoid raphe of the mylohyoid muscle.

Insertional anatomy and clinical relevance of the distal biceps tendon.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of bifurcated distal biceps tendons and the tendon's insertional footprint on the radial tuberosity.

Methods: Twenty-five embalmed cadaveric specimens were dissected. The relationships and orientation of the muscle bellies and distal biceps tendon were examined.

Genetic instability in the human lymphocyte exposed to hypoxia.

Hypoxia, one of the key tumor microenviromental factors, promotes genetic instability, which is the hallmark of human cancers. Many recent studies have demonstrated that hypoxia by itself can lead to conditions that elevate mutagenesis and inhibit the DNA repair process in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytogenetic damage and DNA repair functions in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to hypoxia by means of sister chromatid exchange and nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellite instability (nMSI and mtMSI), respectively.

A familial case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome with a hotspot mutation in exon 2 of the WAS Gene.

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a severe X-linked disorder characterized classically by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, and eczema. The phenotype observed in this syndrome is caused by mutation in the WAS gene. Peripheral blood DNAs were isolated from an 18-month-old boy with WAS and his mother, maternal uncle, and maternal grandmother.

Altered expression of sodium transporters in ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

This study was aimed to examine whether the changes of protein expression of sodium transporters in the ischemic penumbra are associated with the pathogenesis of ischemia-induced brain edema and/or brain cell injury. An experimental model of cerebral ischemia was made by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in rats and the changes of protein expression of sodium transporters in the ischemic penumbra were examined by immunoblotting. Extensive infarction was observed in the frontal and parietal cortical and subcortical areas at 3 and 6h after pMCAO.

[Effects of bears' bile on the expression of tumor cell p53 protein].

Objective: To explore the effects of bears' bile on tumor cell p53 protein expression with different gene properties.

Methods: The effects of bears' bile on the expression of p53 protein in 6 cancer cell strains were determined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Results Western blot analysis showed that the expression of p53 protein in HaCaT, KUMA3, KUMA4 and KUMA6 cell strains with gene mutation were increased, but no change was found in HCT116 and KUMA5 cell strains without gene mutation.