COPD Exacerbations Before and During COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the US.

Background: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were reported less frequently during the COVID-19 pandemic. We report real-world data on COPD exacerbation rates before and during this pandemic.

Methods: Exacerbation patterns were analysed using electronic medical records or claims data of patients with COPD before (2017-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 through early 2022) in France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Health-Care Resource Utilization and Treatment Patterns in Men with Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-Associated Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in the United States: A Retrospective Database Study.

Objective: To compare health-care resource utilization (HCRU) outcomes in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) and benign prostatic hyperplasia-associated lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH-LUTS) treated with tadalafil or non-phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i), adherence to and persistence with tadalafil by dose in the United States (US).

Methods: This was a noninterventional, real-world evidence study of men (aged ≥45 years) with ED and BPH-LUTS treated with tadalafil or non-PDE5i. The IQVIA US PharMetrics Plus claims database was used.

Retinoic acid signaling during priming licenses intestinal CD103+ CD8 TRM cell differentiation.

CD8 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide frontline protection at barrier tissues; however, mechanisms regulating TRM cell development are not completely understood. Priming dictates the migration of effector T cells to the tissue, while factors in the tissue induce in situ TRM cell differentiation. Whether priming also regulates in situ TRM cell differentiation uncoupled from migration is unclear.

Clinical Practice Management of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in the United States: An Analysis of Real-World Evidence.

Purpose: To investigate clinical management of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the United States using real-world evidence and to examine healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), medication adherence/persistence, and procedure use.

Design: A cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of Optum's de-identified Market Clarity Dataset (July 1, 2013-December 31, 2019).

Patients And Methods: Patients ≥18 years with POAG diagnosis and continuous enrollment for 1-year pre- and post-index were eligible and categorized into four mutually exclusive cohorts: CH1, treated with antiglaucoma medication(s) only; CH2, underwent glaucoma procedure(s) only; CH3, treated with antiglaucoma medication(s) and underwent procedure(s); and CH4, received no treatment for POAG.

The accumulation of Vγ4 T cells with aging is associated with an increased adaptive Vγ4 T cell response after foodborne Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice.

Background: It is generally accepted that aging has detrimental effects on conventional T cell responses to systemic infections. However, most pathogens naturally invade the body through mucosal barriers. Although mucosal sites are highly enriched in unconventional immune sentinels like γδ T cells, little is currently known about the impact of aging on unconventional mucosal T cell responses.

New Strategies to Improve Patient Adherence to Medications for Noncommunicable Diseases During and After the COVID-19 Era Identified via a Literature Review.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) place a huge burden on healthcare systems and society as a whole. Relatively early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, clinicians became aware that in individuals infected with COVID-19, those with preexisting NCDs such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were at a greater risk of poor outcomes and mortality than those without. The importance of adherence to medications and lifestyle changes to control and prevent NCDs has been a major focus for many years, but with limited success - the proportion of patients adherent and persistent to their medications remains very low.

A blend of broadly-reactive and pathogen-selected Vγ4 Vδ1 T cell receptors confer broad bacterial reactivity of resident memory γδ T cells.

Although murine γδ T cells are largely considered innate immune cells, they have recently been reported to form long-lived memory populations. Much remains unknown about the biology and specificity of memory γδ T cells. Here, we interrogated intestinal memory Vγ4 Vδ1 T cells generated after foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection to uncover an unanticipated complexity in the specificity of these cells.

Impact of sertraline daily treatment regimen on adherence, persistence and healthcare resource utilisation in patients with major depressive disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder: A real-world evidence analysis from the United States.

Objective: To generate real-world evidence (RWE) from the United States to assess the impact of pill burden and the importance of achieving a stable daily dose of sertraline (time taken, number of dose adjustments needed) on adherence/persistence and healthcare resource utilisation (HCRU).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of the PharMetrics Plus database (1 October 2012 to 31 March 2020) in the United States. Eligible patients had major depressive disorder (MDD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and ≥1 claim for sertraline during index period (1 April 2013 to 31 March 2019, allowing 6-months prior, 1-year post-index follow-up).

Harnessing real-world evidence to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease: health information technology and innovation to generate insights.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity across the world and factors influencing global poverty and slowing economic development. We summarize how the potential power of real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) can be harnessed to help address the disease burden of NCDs at global, national, regional and local levels. RWE is essential to understand the epidemiology of NCDs, quantify NCD burdens, assist with the early detection of vulnerable populations at high risk of NCDs by identifying the most influential risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefits of treatments, programs, and public policies for NCDs.

Mucosal CD8 T Cell Responses Are Shaped by Batf3-DC After Foodborne Infection.

While immune responses have been rigorously examined after intravenous () infection, less is understood about its dissemination from the intestines or the induction of adaptive immunity after more physiologic models of foodborne infection. Consequently, this study focused on early events in the intestinal mucosa and draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) using foodborne infection of mice with modified to invade murine intestinal epithelium (InlA. InlA trafficked intracellularly from the intestines to the MLN and were associated with Batf3-independent dendritic cells (DC) in the lymphatics.

Harnessing Real-World Data for Regulatory Use and Applying Innovative Applications.

A vast quantity of real-world data (RWD) are available to healthcare researchers. Such data come from diverse sources such as electronic health records, insurance claims and billing activity, product and disease registries, medical devices used in the home, and applications on mobile devices. The analysis of RWD produces real-world evidence (RWE), which is clinical evidence that provides information about usage and potential benefits or risks of a drug.

Can an emergency department clinical "triggers" program based on abnormal vital signs improve patient outcomes?

Background: Because abnormal vital signs indicate the potential for clinical deterioration, it is logical to make emergency physicians immediately aware of those patients who present with abnormal vital signs.

Objectives: To determine if a clinical triggers program in the emergency department (ED) setting that utilized predetermined abnormal vital signs to activate a rapid assessment by an emergency physician-led multidisciplinary team had a measurable effect on inpatient hospital metrics.

Methods: The study design was a retrospective pre and post intervention study.

Consolidating homeless support by the early years family team in Cardiff Flying Start.

The role of the Cardiff Flying Start multidisciplinary early years family team is to identify risks affecting families and provide early intervention and preventative input by assessing and building on families' strengths and increasing their resilience. This article discusses the risk factors leading to homelessness, which are often linked to personal life crises; and the negative impact of their homelessness on the families. The core entitlement and the different services offered by the joint health and education team are discussed.

The effect of an ambulance diversion ban on emergency department length of stay and ambulance turnaround time.

Study Objective: Massachusetts became the first state in the nation to ban ambulance diversion in 2009. It was feared that the diversion ban would lead to increased emergency department (ED) crowding and ambulance turnaround time. We seek to characterize the effect of a statewide ambulance diversion ban on ED length of stay and ambulance turnaround time at Boston-area EDs.

Physician in triage improves emergency department patient throughput.

To determine if a physician in triage (PIT) improves Emergency Department (ED) patient flow in a community teaching hospital. This is an interventional study comparing patient flow parameters for the 3-month periods before and after implementation of a PIT model. During the interventional time an additional attending physician was assigned to triage from 1 p.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria: single brain metastasis.

Single brain metastasis represents a common neurologic complication of cancer. Given the number of treatment options that are available for patients with brain metastasis and the strong opinions that are associated with each option, appropriate treatment for these patients has become controversial. Prognostic factors such as recursive partitioning analysis and graded prognostic assessment can help guide treatment decisions.

Pulmonary emergencies in the elderly.

The aging process results in changes in pulmonary physiology that make the elderly population more susceptible to pulmonary disease. These physiologic changes also alter the clinical presentation of such diseases, making the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disorders particularly challenging for the clinician. It is important for the clinician to have a high index of suspicion for pulmonary disorders to make the proper diagnosis.

Benign exertional headache.

We describe 4 patients with benign exertional headache presenting to the emergency department. Consideration of this uncommon cause of headache might facilitate an accurate diagnosis of those patients with headache caused by strenuous exercise.

The role of the community teaching hospital in surgical undergraduate education.

Background: Significant changes in surgical practice have resulted in a reexamination of surgical undergraduate education. The increasing emphasis toward ambulatory procedures positions the community hospital as an excellent alternative site for surgical education. This study compares the quality of one medical school's surgical education at a principal teaching hospital to that of affiliated teaching hospitals.