Optimization of soil microbial fuel cell for sustainable bio-electricity production: combined effects of electrode material, electrode spacing, and substrate feeding frequency on power generation and microbial community diversity.

Background: Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are among the leading research topics in the field of alternative energy sources due to their multifunctional potential. However, their low bio-energy production rate and unstable performance limit their application in the real world. Therefore, optimization is needed to deploy MFCs beyond laboratory-scale experiments.