Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: Early Signs and Therapeutic Interventions.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in communication, social interaction difficulties, and repetitive behaviors that can hinder a child's development. The growing prevalence of autism necessitates early detection and effective intervention strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of early indicators of ASD, including brain development markers and behavioral signs visible in infants.

Examining the growing challenge: Prevalence of diabetes in young adults (Review).

Diabetes is rapidly spreading worldwide, affecting millions of individuals. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of its complications. The present review discusses the complex subject of diabetes, including the type 1 and type 2 variants.

Nanoparticles as a novel key driver for the isolation and detection of circulating tumour cells.

Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), derived from primary tumours, play a pivotal role in cancer metastasis by migrating into the peripheral bloodstream. These cells are paramount in clinical research, serving as early diagnostic markers for metastatic cancer. Analysing CTC counts and their biomarker characteristics can provide invaluable insights into tumour identification, profiling, and metastatic capabilities.

Decoding molecular mechanisms: brain aging and Alzheimer's disease.

The complex morphological, anatomical, physiological, and chemical mechanisms within the aging brain have been the hot topic of research for centuries. The aging process alters the brain structure that affects functions and cognitions, but the worsening of such processes contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Beyond these observable, mild morphological shifts, significant functional modifications in neurotransmission and neuronal activity critically influence the aging brain.

Mechanisms of medicinal, pharmaceutical, and immunomodulatory action of probiotics bacteria and their secondary metabolites against disease management: an overview.

Probiotics or bacteriotherapy is today's hot issue for public entities (Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization) as well as health and food industries since Metchnikoff and his colleagues hypothesized the correlation between probiotic consumption and human's health. They contribute to the newest and highly efficient arena of promising biotherapeutics. These are usually attractive in biomedical applications such as gut-related diseases like irritable bowel disease, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, fungal infections, various allergies, parasitic and bacterial infections, viral diseases, and intestinal inflammation, and are also worth immunomodulation.

Aging-Related Protein Alterations in the Brain.

Aging is an intrinsic aspect of an organism's life cycle and is characterized by progressive physiological decline and increased susceptibility to mortality. Many age-associated disorders, including neurological disorders, are most commonly linked with the aging process, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of aging and AD on the molecular pathways and levels of different proteins in the brain, including metalloproteins, neurotrophic factors, amyloid proteins, and tau proteins.

Role of Thioredoxin System in Regulating Cellular Redox Status in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and a public health problem. It exhibits significant oxidative stress and redox alterations. The antioxidant enzyme systems defend the cellular environment from oxidative stress.

Characterization of two novel lytic bacteriophages having lysis potential against MDR avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains of zoonotic potential.

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is associated with local and systemic infections in poultry, ducks, turkeys, and many other avian species, leading to heavy economical losses. These APEC strains are presumed to possess zoonotic potential due to common virulence markers that can cause urinary tract infections in humans.

Oxidative Stress and Dopaminergic Metabolism: A Major PD Pathogenic Mechanism and Basis of Potential Antioxidant Therapies.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress triggers the vicious cycle leading to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigra pars compacta. ROS produced during the metabolism of dopamine is immediately neutralized by the endogenous antioxidant defense system (EADS) under physiological conditions. Aging decreases the vigilance of EADS and makes the dopaminergic neurons more vulnerable to oxidative stress.

The Potential of Nanotechnology to Replace Cancer Stem Cells.

Stem cells, which were initially identified in the 1900s, are distinct cells with the potential to replenish themselves as well as differentiate into specialised cells with certain forms and functions. Cancer stem cells play a significant role in the growth and recurrence of the tumours and, similar to normal stem cells, are capable of proliferating and differentiating. Traditional cancer treatments are ineffective against cancer stem cells, which leads to tumour regrowth.

Comparative impact of streptozotocin on altering normal glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats compared to normoglycemic rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome and an endocrine disorder, primarily considered as a loss of glucose homeostasis because of the insulin action and/or secretion or both. Currently there are more than 150 million people in the world affected by diabetes mellitus with a higher share of Asian and European countries. The current study aimed to investigate the comparative altering properties of streptozotocin (STZ), based on up-turn and down-turn configuration of biochemical, toxicological and hematological parameters in comparison with normoglycemic male albino rats.

An Epidemiological Survey to Investigate the Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Bovine Hosts in Punjab, Pakistan.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease of worldwide geographical distribution. CE is most common in underdeveloped and herding communities where people survive on animal husbandry and agricultural activities. The prevalence of CE in livestock and its risk factors are widely underreported, because of inefficient surveillance systems.

The Metabolic Role of Ketogenic Diets in Treating Epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a long-term neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The ketogenic diet (KD) is considered an effective alternative treatment for epileptic patients.

Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using and Its Cytotoxicity Effect on Vero Cell Lines.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a chronic and sometimes fatal condition which affects people all over the world. Nanotherapeutics have shown tremendous potential to combat chronic diseases—including DM2—as they enhance the overall impact of drugs on biological systems. Greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Catharanthus roseus methanolic extract (C.

from Pakistan Has Type-2 Genotype.

Background: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is an acute and fulminant CNS infection caused by . Recreational activities and ritual ablution with contaminated warm fresh water are the main reason of PAM. Pakistan ranked the second most affected country, where most of the PAM incidences were reported from Karachi, Pakistan.

Screening of Antibacterial Efficacy of Chitosan Encapsulated Probiotics (Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus curvattus) against Clinical Bacterial Pathogens.

Probiotics frontier in depressing the clinical bacterial pathogens to avoid multidrug resistance phenomenon. The present study aimed to determine the antibacterial efficiency of chitosan encapsulated probiotics isolated from buffalo milk samples against clinical bacterial pathogens. The Agar well method was used for antibacterial activity.

Phenotypic characterization and genome analysis of a novel Salmonella Typhimurium phage having unique tail fiber genes.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a foodborne pathogen causing occasional outbreaks of enteric infections in humans. Salmonella has one of the largest pools of temperate phages in its genome that possess evolutionary significance for pathogen. In this study, we characterized a novel temperate phage Salmonella phage BIS20 (BIS20) with unique tail fiber genes.

Genome Analysis and Therapeutic Evaluation of a Novel Lytic Bacteriophage of Typhimurium: Suggestive of a New Genus in the Subfamily .

Typhimurium, a foodborne pathogen, is a major concern for food safety. Its MDR serovars of animal origin pose a serious threat to the human population. Phage therapy can be an alternative for the treatment of such MDR serovars.

Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by the Valorization of Biomass and Synthetic Waste.

Synthetic pollutants are a looming threat to the entire ecosystem, including wildlife, the environment, and human health. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural biodegradable microbial polymers with a promising potential to replace synthetic plastics. This research is focused on devising a sustainable approach to produce PHAs by a new microbial strain using untreated synthetic plastics and lignocellulosic biomass.

Antibiotics, Acid and Heat Tolerance of Honey adapted , Typhi and .

The medicinal importance of honey has been known for many decades due to its antimicrobial properties against life-threatening bacteria. However, previous studies revealed that microorganisms are able to develop adaptations after continuous exposure to antimicrobial compounds. The present study was conducted to explore the impact of subinhibitory concentrations of branded honey (Marhaba) and unbranded honey (extracted from plant) locally available in Pakistan on ATCC 10536, Typhi and by investigating the development of self- or cross-resistance to antibiotics (gentamicin, kanamycin and imipenem).