Association of olfactory and cognitive function test scores with hippocampal and amygdalar grey matter volume: a cross-sectional study.

Few population-based studies including younger adults have examined the potential of olfactory function tests to capture the degree of atrophy in memory-associated brain regions, which cannot be adequately explained by cognitive function tests screening for cognitive impairment. This population-based study investigated associations between high-resolution olfactory test data with few odours and grey matter volumes (GMVs) of the left and right hippocampi, amygdala, parahippocampi, and olfactory cortex, while accounting for differences in cognitive decline, in 1444 participants (aged 31-91 years). Regression analyses included intracranial volume (ICV)-normalised GMVs of eight memory-related regions as objective variables and age, sex, education duration, smoking history, olfaction test score, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Japanese version (MoCA-J) score as explanatory variables.

A Sponsor's Perspective on the Contribution of Regulatory-Required Observational Post-Marketing Studies to Understanding Human Drug Product Benefit/Risk in Japan.

Background: Following marketing authorization in Japan, for almost all new drugs or new indications, postmarketing studies (PMS) are a regulatory requirement. These PMS focus on accrual of a defined number of cases with data being collected for a predetermined period after approval to confirm efficacy/effectiveness, safety, and quality in the Japanese population. In contrast to other regions where PMS are only required to address a specific scientific uncertainty, in Japan, PMS are often required regardless of any specific scientific uncertainty, and therefore, their scientific value is unclear.

Epidemiology of sepsis in a Japanese administrative database.

Sepsis is the leading cause of death worldwide. Considering regional variations in the characteristics of patients with sepsis, a better understanding of the epidemiology in Japan will lead to further development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of sepsis. To investigate the epidemiology of sepsis, we conducted a systematic literature review of PubMed between 2003 and January 2023.

Association Between Olfactory Test Data with Multiple Levels of Odor Intensity and Suspected Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Olfactory function decline has recently been reported to be associated with a risk of cognitive impairment. Few population-based studies have included younger adults when examining the association between olfactory test data with multiple odor intensities and suspected cognitive impairment.

Objective: We investigated the association between high-resolution olfactory test data with fewer odors and suspected cognitive impairments.

Clinical implication of children's depression rating scale-revised score: Linking the children's depression rating scale-revised score and clinical global impression using patients data from clinical trials.

Background And Aims: The Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) score has been widely used to assess the severity of major depression in children and adolescents; however, the clinical implications of changes in the CDRS-R score remain unclear. We evaluated these clinical implications by assessing the relationship between changes in the CDRS-R score and changes in the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I), in clinical research on major depression.

Methods: We used data from four clinical trials involving two antidepressants and evaluated the relationship between CDRS-R score changes and the CGI-I score using the equipercentile linking method.

Mixed-methods education of mechanical ventilation for residents in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary interventional study.

Introduction: In the current era of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 epidemic, the need for respiratory care, including mechanical ventilatory (MV) management, has increased. However, there are no well-developed educational strategies for training medical personnel dealing with respiratory care in MV management.

Methods: A novel mixed-methods hands-on seminar for learning MV management was conducted for the residents at Chiba University Hospital in March 2022.

Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 variants by nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide loaded with metals as visible-light photocatalysts.

Purpose: We examined the inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by a nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO) visible-light photocatalyst that was activated via light irradiation in the natural environment and was safe for human use as a coating material.

Methods: The photocatalytic activity of glass slides coated with three types of N-TiO without metal or loaded with copper or silver and copper was investigated by measuring acetaldehyde degradation. The titer levels of infectious SARS-CoV-2 were measured using cell culture after exposing photocatalytically active coated glass slides to visible light for up to 60 min.

Design and synthesis of 6-methylpyridin-2-one derivatives as novel and potent GluN2A positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of cognitive impairment.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are key regulators of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Potentiation of NMDARs containing GluN2A subunit has been recently recognized as a promising therapeutic approach for neurological disorders. We identified a novel series of GluN2A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with a pyridin-2-one scaffold.

Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Antimalarial Proteasome Inhibitors─Part II.

With increasing reports of resistance to artemisinins and artemisinin-combination therapies, targeting the proteasome is a promising strategy for antimalarial development. We recently reported a highly selective proteasome inhibitor with anti-malarial activity in the humanized mouse model. To balance the permeability of the series of macrocycles with other drug-like properties, we conducted further structure-activity relationship studies on a biphenyl ether-tethered macrocyclic scaffold.

Visualization of estimated prevalence of CES-D positivity accounting for background factors and AIS scores.

Development of methods for population screening is necessary to improve the efficiency of secondary prevention of diseases. Until now, a common cutoff has been used for all people in the data set. However, if big data for health information can be used to modify individual cutoffs according to background factors, it may avoid wasting medical resources.

Temporal trends of medical cost and cost-effectiveness in sepsis patients: a Japanese nationwide medical claims database.

Background: Sepsis is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although the mortality of sepsis patients has been decreasing over the past decade, the trend of medical costs and cost-effectiveness for sepsis treatment remains insufficiently determined.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using the nationwide medical claims database of sepsis patients in Japan between 2010 and 2017.

Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Macrocyclic Peptides as Species-Selective Antimalaria Proteasome Inhibitors.

With over 200 million cases and close to half a million deaths each year, malaria is a threat to global health, particularly in developing countries. , the parasite that causes the most severe form of the disease, has developed resistance to all antimalarial drugs. Resistance to the first-line antimalarial artemisinin and to artemisinin combination therapies is widespread in Southeast Asia and is emerging in sub-Saharan Africa.

Item Response Analyses of the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised Using Data from Clinical Studies.

We aimed to identify which of the 17 items comprising the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) can sensitively capture changes in depression severity. We used data from four studies involving two antidepressants. For each of the 17 CDRS-R items, we conducted item response analyses to identify and evaluate those that reflect changes in depression severity.

Trends in the incidence and outcome of sepsis using data from a Japanese nationwide medical claims database-the Japan Sepsis Alliance (JaSA) study group.

Background: Trends in the incidence and outcomes of sepsis using a Japanese nationwide database were investigated.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Adult patients, who had both presumed serious infections and acute organ dysfunction, between 2010 and 2017 were extracted using a combined method of administrative and electronic health record data from the Japanese nationwide medical claim database, which covered 71.

Macrocyclic Peptides that Selectively Inhibit the Proteasome.

Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) currently takes at least 6 months. Latent (Mtb) is phenotypically tolerant to most anti-TB drugs. A key hypothesis is that drugs that kill nonreplicating (NR) Mtb may shorten treatment when used in combination with conventional drugs.

Whole Cell Active Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Lipoamide Dehydrogenase Afford Selectivity over the Human Enzyme through Tight Binding Interactions.

Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death from a single bacterial infection worldwide. Efforts to develop new treatment options call for expansion into an unexplored target space to expand the drug pipeline and bypass resistance to current antibiotics. Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a metabolic and antioxidant enzyme critical for mycobacterial growth and survival in mice.