Diabetic Kidney Disease: Past and Present.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) afflicting humans has been recognized as a disease for >3000 years. However, very little was known about its etiology and pathogenesis until about a century ago when increasing knowledge about anatomy and physiology of the human body gradually led to our understanding that the hormone insulin produced by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas plays a crucial role in the metabolism of glucose and maintaining the blood sugar level within a normal range. DM is caused by inadequate insulin production (type 1) or insulin resistance (type 2).

Blue kidney in a pale patient-a case for a causal association between renal haemosiderosis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and chronic kidney disease.

A 50-year-old man presented with pancytopenia and chronic renal impairment. He had evidence of intravascular haemolysis. The direct antiglobulin (Coomb's) test was negative.

Retroperitoneal lymphangiomyomatosis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration: a case report.

Background: Lymphangiomyomatosis is a rare condition affecting women of childbearing age. It is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells around lymphatics, giving rise to blockage of the large lymphatics, including the thoracic duct, and resulting in chylothorax and/or chyloascitis. The lung is the most common site of involvement.

AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

A case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection with a fatal outcome is presented. The disease has not been reported from our region before. The patient presented initially with hemiparesis and non-enhancing lesion on computed tomography scan that was thought to be an infarct.