Risk factors and urinary biomarkers of non-albuminuric and albuminuric chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: A number of recent studies indicate a transformation in the natural course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients: an increasing prevalence of declined renal function without proceeding to the accompanying elevation of albuminuria. It has been suggested that albuminuric and non-albuminuric CKD patterns could be different in their phenotypes and pathogenic mechanisms.

Aim: To identify the risk factors and biomarkers of albuminuric and non-albuminuric patterns of CKD in patients with T2D.