Determining the ROS and the Antioxidant Status of Leaves During Cold Acclimation.

Cold slows down Calvin cycle activity stronger than photosynthetic electron transport, which supports production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Even under extreme temperature conditions, most ROS are detoxified by the combined action of low-molecular weight antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Subsequent regeneration of the low-molecular weight antioxidants by NAD(P)H and thioredoxin/thiol-dependent pathways relaxes the electron pressure in the photosynthetic electron transport chain.