Nephroprotective Effects of Caffeine, Vanillin, and Their Combination against Experimental AlCl-Induced Renal Toxicity in Adult Male Wistar Rats.

Aluminum (Al) is known to be a nephrotoxic metal that can cause renal toxicity in both humans and animals. The use of functional foods has been reported to have significance in managing the toxic effects associated with such metals. This study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of caffeine, vanillin, and their combination in mitigating AlCl-induced renal toxicity in adult male Wistar rats.