This study investigates gene flow from genetically modified (GM) herbicide-resistant Brassica napus to its wild relatives through wind and bee pollination, which raises ecological concerns in agricultural settings.*
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Results show that the maximum gene flow to male sterile (MS) B. napus and B. juncea decreased significantly with distance from HR B. napus, with positive percentages only within close proximity; for MS R. sativus, there was no observed gene flow.*
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The findings indicate that small donor plots favor insect pollination over wind, highlighting the need for better management of gene flow to mitigate environmental risks.*