Early Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Early management of spasticity may improve stroke outcome. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is recommended treatment for post-stroke spasticity (PSS). However, it is usually administered in the chronic phase of stroke.

Dopamine treatment and cognitive functioning in individuals with Parkinson's disease: the "cognitive flexibility" hypothesis seems to work.

Background: Previous data suggest that (i) dopamine modulates the ability to implement nonroutine schemata and update operations (flexibility processes) and that (ii) dopamine-related improvement may be related to baseline dopamine levels in target pathways (inverted U-shaped hypothesis).

Objective: To investigate above hypotheses in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: Twenty PD patients were administered tasks varying as to flexibility load in two treatment conditions: (i) "off" condition, about 18 hours after dopamine dose and (ii) "on" condition, after dopamine administration.

Differential impact of apathy and depression in the development of dementia in mild cognitive impairment patients.

Background And Aims: Neuropsychiatric symptoms may accompany mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and assist in identifying incipient dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of apathy and depression in the conversion to dementia among MCI subjects.

Methods: 124 MCI outpatients were investigated.

Recurrent status epilepticus as the main feature of Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a severe but treatable condition that rarely complicates Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinically it is characterized by progressive or relapsing symptoms, including tremor, myoclonus, stroke-like episodes, seizures, impairment of consciousness, and dementia. We describe a patient presenting with recurrent generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE), despite antiepileptic medications, who was successfully treated with methylprednisolone.