[Pathopshysiological mechanisms in macular edema].

The treatment of diabetic macular edema has known a fast development in the last 5 years where the transition from laser monotherapy to intravitreal pharmacotherapy is becoming standard practice. Intravitreal injections therapy is in a continuous development with promising positive results. The use of intratvitreal devices in the treatment of macular edema of vascular cause has become a viable alternative also in treating diabetic macular edema.

Ossification of the choroid: three clinical cases and literature review of the pathogenesis of intraocular ossification.

Objective: A presentation of the clinical and pathogenic aspects of choroidal ossification.

Cases Presentation: We report three clinical cases of choroidal ossification: choroidal osteoma, ossified choroidal hemangioma and total ossification of the choroid. The three patients underwent complete eye examination.

[Specific aspects in diabetic cataract].

Cataract in diabetic patients is a major cause of blindness in developed and developing countries. The pathogenesis of diabetic cataract development is still not fully understood. Recent basic research studies have emphasized the role of the polyol pathway in the initiation of the disease process.

[Idiopatic parafoveolar telangiectasia associated with pseudoviteliform lesion, basal laminar drusen and optic nerve head drusen].

Background: We present a case with bilateral optic disc drusen, associated in one eye with idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis (Group 1B), basal laminar drusen, and foveal pseudovitelliform lesion.

Patient: A 45-years old female patient, which complained about a deterioration of vision at the right eye, was ophthalmologically examined.

Results: The examination revealed a bilateral optic disc drusen, and on the right eye a macular haemorrhage.

[Diffuse choroidal hemangioma associated with serous retinal detachment].

A 53-years old patient, with the diagnosis of diffuse choroidal hemangioma, partially ossified, associated with serous exudative retinal detachment, secondary to the choroidal neovessels, is presented. Aspects of differential diagnosis with the choroidal osteoma associated with serous exudative retinal detachment are discussed.

[Retinal capillary hemangioma].

The retinal capillary hemangiomas are evolutive tumors which, solitary or multiple, present a vast clinical appearance, described under generic name of "retinal angiomatosis". We present the case of a young male patient with solitary retinal capillary hemangioma, localized in the interpapilo-macular region. The exofitic tumors were characterized by a particular arrangement of the tumoral vascular network: superficial (in the superior area) and profound (in the inferior area).

[Diffuse retinal epitheliopathy].

This is the case of a 45 year man, with diffuse retinal epitheliopathy. The diagnosis was based on the angiofluorographic triad--diffusion sites; triangular lesions of the EPR, located vertically; serous detachments of the EPR. The therapy consisting of photocoagulation of the diffusion sites and of the harmed areas of the EPR led to a standstill of the clinical evolution, during a one year follow up period.

[Combined hamartoma of pigment epithelium and retina].

This is the description of the case of a 36 year old male, who developed a combined hamartoma of the pigment epithelium and retina in the left eye. The location of the lesion in the macular zone, as well as the peculiar aspect of disease, raised some issues related to differential diagnosis. Attention was paid to the diseases of the posterior pole of eyeball, which, given their aspect of disease, result of a secondary hyperplastic reaction of the EPR, can embody a type of combined pseudohamartoma: retraction syndrome, retinal angiomatosis, pseudohistoplasmosis and others.

[Congenital retinal macro-vessel].

This is to show the case of a 40 year old patient, where a congenital retinal macro-vessel was found, the peculiarities of which are increased calibre, intersection of the macular area, arteriovenous shunts and lack of functional disturbances. The disease is rare and its lesional and functional stability is remarkable.

[Unilateral myelinated nerve fibers associated with myopia or amblyopia].

There are described a number of 9 clinical cases with unilateral myelinated nerve fibers, associated with myopia or amblyopia. Four cases developed extended myelinated areas, anisometropia with increased values, accentuated amblyopia and macular changes. Patients underwent treatment for amblyopia through correction with spectacles lenses and the occlusion of the congenerous eye.