Nontraumatic Exertional Fatalities in Football Players, Part 2: Excess in Conditioning Kills.

Background: The incidence of nontraumatic fatalities in high school (HS) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football players has continued at a constant rate since the 1960s.

Purpose: To describe the causes of nontraumatic fatalities in HS and NCAA football players and provide prevention strategies.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Nontraumatic Exertional Fatalities in Football Players, Part 1: Epidemiology and Effectiveness of National Collegiate Athletic Association Bylaws.

Background: Football has the highest number of nontraumatic fatalities of any sport in the United States.

Purpose: To compare the incidence of nontraumatic fatalities with that of traumatic fatalities, describe the epidemiology of nontraumatic fatalities in high school (HS) and college football players, and determine the effectiveness of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) policies to reduce exertional heat stroke (EHS) and exertional sickling (ES) with sickle cell trait (SCT) fatalities in athletes.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Fatalities in high school and college football players.

Background: Fatalities in football are rare but tragic events.

Purpose: The purpose was to describe the causes of fatalities in high school and college football players and potentially provide preventive strategies.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Tibiofemoral alignment: contributing factors to noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Background: The mechanisms of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury remain undefined. The purpose of this study was to identify the tibiofemoral alignment in the lateral compartment of the knee for three variations of a one-limb landing in noncontact sports activities: the safe, provocative, and exaggerated provocative positions. These positions were chosen on the basis of a previous study that measured the average joint angles of the limb at the point of ground contact for athletes who landed without injury (safe) and those who sustained an anterior cruciate ligament injury (provocative).