Determination of acute and chronic effects of cadmium on the cardiovascular system of rats.

In this study, the systemic hemodynamics induced by acute and chronic cadmium (Cd+2) intoxication in the cardiovascular system of rats using thoracic electrical bioimpedance were examined and the acute and chronic effects of Cd+2 intoxication on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) were compared. Also, in this study, ultrastructural changes in the heart and aorta of rats were evaluated. Thirty-eight male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into control, acute, and chronic groups.