Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Highly Efficient Nontoxic All-Inorganic CsSnGeI-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Oxide and Kesterite Charge Transport Layers.

Despite exceptional optoelectronic properties and rapidly increasing efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the issues of toxicity and device instability have hampered the commercialization of this renewable energy technology. Lead (Pb) being the main culprit creates major environmental risks and therefore must be replaced with a nontoxic material such as tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), etc. Moreover, replacing organic cations in the perovskite's ABX structure with inorganic ones like cesium (Cs) helps aid the stability issues.