Comparison of four transdiaphragmatic approaches to remove cavoatrial tumor thrombi: a pilot study.

Introduction: Surgical treatment of kidney cancer with a tumor thrombus spreading through the inferior vena cava (IVC) up to the right atrium remains a challenge.The aim of this article was to 1. assess the safety and feasibility of four transdiaphragmatic surgical approaches to the right atrium from the abdominal cavity; 2.