Nitrogen-rich carbon dots as the antisolvent additive for perovskite-based photovoltaic devices.

Solution-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated a tremendous growth in power conversion efficiency (PCE). A high-quality, defect-free perovskite-based active layer is a key point to enhance PSC performance. Introduction of additives and interlayers have proved to be an effective tool to passivate surface defects, control crystal growth, and improve PSC stability.