Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Synaptamide in Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury and the Role of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 110.

The development of drugs for the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) that could suppress the excessive inflammatory response in damaged kidneys is an important clinical challenge. Recently, synaptamide (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and neurogenic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of synaptamide in ischemic AKI.

N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury in rats.

At present, there is a growing interest in the study of the neurotropic activity of polyunsaturated fatty acids ethanolamides (N-acylethanolamines). N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA, synaptamide) is an endogenous metabolite and structural analogue of anandamide, a widely studied endocannabinoid derived from arachidonic acid. The results of this study demonstrate that DHEA, when administered subcutaneously (10 mg/kg/day, 7 days), promotes cognitive recovery in rats subjected to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Improves Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Chronic Constriction Injury.

Chronic neuropathic pain is a condition that causes both sensory disturbances and a variety of functional disorders, indicating the involvement of various brain structures in pain pathogenesis. One of the factors underlying chronic neuropathic pain is neuroinflammation, which is accompanied by microglial activation and pro-inflammatory factor release. -docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA, synaptamide) is an endocannabinoid-like metabolite synthesized endogenously from docosahexaenoic acid.

Neuropathic Pain Causes a Decrease in the Dendritic Tree Complexity of Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons.

The International Pain Association defines neuropathic pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage." Recent studies show that chronic neuropathic pain causes both morphological and functional changes within brain structures. Due to the impact of supraspinal centers on pain signal processing, patients with chronic pain often suffer from depression, anxiety, memory impairment, and learning disabilities.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in neuropathic pain and alkyl glycerol ethers treatment.

Neuropathic pain manifested by a number of sensory symptoms is often accompanied by disorders of higher nervous activity, such as memory impairment, depression, anxiety, anhedonia, etc. This emphasizes the involvement of supraspinal structures including the hippocampus in neuropathic pain pathogenesis. In the present study, we focused on the impact of chronic neuropathic pain on hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial state.

Cucumarioside A₂-2 Causes Macrophage Activation in Mouse Spleen.

The immunomodulatory effect of triterpene glycoside cucumarioside A₂-2 (CA₂-2), isolated from the Far Eastern sea cucumber , was compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on mouse spleen. It has been shown that the intraperitoneal () glycoside administration leads to increased spleen macrophage activating markers iba-1, IL-1β, iNOs, ROS and NO formation, with additional change of macrophage phenotype to M1. The mass spectrometry profiles of peptide/protein were obtained using MALDI-TOF-MS on the different parts of spleen sections isolated by laser mircodissection techniques.

Acute neuroinflammation provokes intracellular acidification in mouse hippocampus.

Background: Maintaining pH levels within the physiological norm is an important component of brain homeostasis. However, in some pathological or physiological conditions, the capacity of the pH regulatory system could be overpowered by various factors resulting in a transient or permanent alteration in pH levels. Such changes are often observed in pathological conditions associated with neuroinflammation.

Neuron-astrocyte interactions in spinal cord dorsal horn in neuropathic pain development and docosahexaenoic acid therapy.

The analgesic activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was studied using a chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model. Animals were subcutaneously injected with DHA emulsion at a dose of 4.5mg/kg (125mМ/kg) daily during 2weeks after surgery.

Analgetic effect of docosahexaenoic acid is mediated by modulating the microglia activity in the dorsal root ganglia in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

The analgetic activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was studied using a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats, and the dynamics of iba-1 (+) microglia/macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were characterized. DHA reduced the intensity and duration of neurogenic pain. The application of DHA led to an earlier stabilization of weight bearing in the incapacitance test and prevented the development of cold allodynia and degenerative changes in tissues of the denervated limb.