Shear Stress and the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Independently Protect the Vascular Endothelium from Palmitate Lipotoxicity.

Saturated free fatty acids are thought to play a critical role in metabolic disorders associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and their vascular complications via effects on the vascular endothelium. The most abundant saturated free fatty acid, palmitate, exerts lipotoxic effects on the vascular endothelium, eventually leading to cell death. Shear stress activates the endothelial AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor, and protects endothelial cells from lipotoxicity, however their relationship is uncertain.

Visceral mesenchymal stem cells from type 2 diabetes donors activate triglycerides synthesis in healthy adipocytes via metabolites exchange and cytokines secretion.

Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Development of visceral instead of subcutaneous adipose tissue is pathogenic and increases the risk of metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesize that visceral adipocytes and stromal cells are able to deteriorate other fat depots metabolism via secretory mechanisms.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Facilitates Shift of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Ex Vivo Differentiation toward Osteogenesis among Patients with Obesity.

Objective: Sedentary behavior with overnutrition provokes the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main progenitor cells of adipose tissue are adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) which can change differentiation, metabolic, and secretory phenotypes under obesity conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ADSC osteogenesis activity among patients with obesity in normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and T2DM conditions.

NDRG1 Activity in Fat Depots Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Incretin Profile in Patients With Morbid Obesity.

Objective: We aimed to investigate insulin-, mTOR- and SGK1-dependent signaling basal states in morbidly obese patients' fat. We analyzed the correlation between the signaling activity, carbohydrate metabolism, and incretin profiles of patients.

Methods: The omental and subcutaneous fat was obtained in patients with obesity.

The Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide Type 1 (GLP-1) and its Analogues in Adipose Tissue: Is there a way to Thermogenesis?

Obesity is a global problem and the most common metabolic disorder leading to many associated diseases, such as arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, impaired lipid and uric acid metabolism. The prevalence of obesity has risen globally in the past four decades in both children and adults, and it accounts for the rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Currently, the study of thermogenic tissues, brown and beige adipose tissues, is of extreme value from the point of view of therapeutic potential for obesity and its associated diseases.

Decreased UCP-1 expression in beige adipocytes from adipose-derived stem cells of type 2 diabetes patients associates with mitochondrial ROS accumulation during obesity.

Objective: Adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) are defective in metabolic disorders in various functionalities and properties including differentiation, multipotent state, metabolism and immunomodulation. However, the role of ADSC beiging potential in promoting of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development remains unclear. Here we uncover association between potential of subcutaneous ADSC to beige differentiation and T2DM in patients with obesity.

Low AS160 and high SGK basal phosphorylation associates with impaired incretin profile and type 2 diabetes in adipose tissue of obese patients.

Objective: To compare basal insulin and mTOR signaling in subcutaneous fat of obese T2DM vs. obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and correlate it with clinical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and incretin secretion profiles.

Methods: Recruited were 22 patients with long (>10 years) and morbid (BMI > 35 kg/m) obesity, 12 of which had NGT and 10 had T2DM.

A glucokinase gene mutation in a young boy with diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance.

We report the case of a 12-year-old boy with a glucokinase () mutation, and diabetes with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. For 4 years, the patient intermittently received insulin medications Actrapid HM and Protaphane HM (total dose 5 U/day), with glycated hemoglobin (HbA) levels of 6.6%-7.