Conceptualization of Heterogeneity of Chronic Diseases and Atherosclerosis as a Pathway to Precision Medicine: Endophenotype, Endotype, and Residual Cardiovascular Risk.

The article discusses modern approaches to the conceptualization of pathogenetic heterogeneity in various branches of medical science. The concepts of endophenotype, endotype, and residual cardiovascular risk and the scope of their application in internal medicine and cardiology are considered. Based on the latest results of studies of the genetic architecture of atherosclerosis, five endotypes of atherosclerosis have been proposed.

Biomechanical Forces and Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Diagnosis and Treatment.

The article provides an overview of current views on the role of biomechanical forces in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The importance of biomechanical forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis is considered. We provide descriptions of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction.

The prognostic value of various carotid ultrasound parameters in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk.

Background: According to the current guidelines the visualization of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries is the only option that carotid ultrasound provides for the assessment of cardiovascular risk (CVR). The direction devoted to the development and implementation of markers based on the quantification of atheroma, is promising. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of various carotid ultrasound parameters in patients at high and very high CVR.

Association between Carotid Wall Shear Rate and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Hypertension and Atherosclerosis of Peripheral Arteries.

Aim: To evaluate carotid wall shear rate (WSR) in association with local and regional vascular stiffness in patients with hypertension (HTN) and atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries and to study the pattern of change of WSR in patients with HTN with increasing severity of peripheral artery atherosclerosis.

Materials And Methods: Study involved 133 patients with HTN, 65 men and 48 women, aged in average 57.9±10.