Advances in brain epitranscriptomics research and translational opportunities.

Various chemical modifications of all RNA transcripts, or epitranscriptomics, have emerged as crucial regulators of RNA metabolism, attracting significant interest from both basic and clinical researchers due to their diverse functions in biological processes and immense clinical potential as highlighted by the recent profound success of RNA modifications in improving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Rapid accumulation of evidence underscores the critical involvement of various RNA modifications in governing normal neural development and brain functions as well as pathogenesis of brain disorders. Here we provide an overview of RNA modifications and recent advancements in epitranscriptomic studies utilizing animal models to elucidate important roles of RNA modifications in regulating mammalian neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptic formation, and brain function.

Disorders of microcirculation in the mechanism of bisphosphonate osteonecrosis: preliminary study in rats.

We investigated the possibilities of angioprotection and the reduction of osteonecrosis in rats that had been given bisphosphonates. In our experiment, 27 rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 was injected with saline; Group 2 was given zoledronic acid for six weeks; and Group 3 was given zoledronic acid for six weeks, with added doses of sulodexide after three weeks. After that we constructed a model of how the teeth should be extracted.

The rRNA mA methyltransferase METTL5 is involved in pluripotency and developmental programs.

Covalent chemical modifications of cellular RNAs directly impact all biological processes. However, our mechanistic understanding of the enzymes catalyzing these modifications, their substrates and biological functions, remains vague. Amongst RNA modifications N-methyladenosine (mA) is widespread and found in messenger (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), and noncoding RNAs.

The interactome of a family of potential methyltransferases in HeLa cells.

Human methytransferase like proteins (METTL) are part of a large protein family characterized by the presence of binding domains for S-adenosyl methionine, a co-substrate for methylation reactions. Despite the fact that members of this protein family were shown or predicted to be DNA, RNA or protein methyltransferases, most METTL proteins are still poorly characterized. Identification of complexes in which these potential enzymes act could help to understand their function(s) and substrate specificities.

Uridylation of RNA Hairpins by Tailor Confines the Emergence of MicroRNAs in Drosophila.

Uridylation of RNA species represents an emerging theme in post-transcriptional gene regulation. In the microRNA pathway, such modifications regulate small RNA biogenesis and stability in plants, worms, and mammals. Here, we report Tailor, an uridylyltransferase that is required for the majority of 3' end modifications of microRNAs in Drosophila and predominantly targets precursor hairpins.

[NSI (+)]: a novel non-Mendelian nonsense suppressor determinant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Non-Mendelian determinants that control heritable traits in yeast are subdivided into two major groups-one that includes DNA- or RNA-based elements and another that comprises protein-based factors that are analogous to mammalian prion. All yeast non-Mendelian determinants show dominant inheritance, and some of them demonstrate cytoplasmic infectivity. Only prions, however, harbor-specific features, such as high frequency of induction following overproduction of prion-encoding protein, loss of the protein's normal function, and reversible curability.

Quantification problems in depth profiling of pwr steels using Ar+ ion sputtering and XPS analysis.

The oxide scales of AISI 304 formed in boric acid solutions at 300 degrees C and pH = 4.5 have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling. The present focus is depth profile quantification both in depth and chemical composition on a molecular level.

[Correlation between proliferation and apoptosis in different histological types of uterine leiomyoma].

75 cases of simple, cellular and mitotically active leiomyoma (LM) were studied immunohistochemically with the use of monoclonal antibodies against bcl-2 ("DAKO", 1:80), bax ("Calbiochem, 1:80), c-myc ("Novocastra", 1:100), CD 95 ("Dianova, 1:50), Ki67 ("Dianova", 1:40), PCNA ("Novacastra", 1:100). Apoptosis was assessed by the Tunnel method (ENZO Apop Detek Cell Death Assay System). Simple LM is characterized by apoptosis domination over proliferation in leiomyocytes.

[A role of growth factors in development of various histological types of uterine leiomyoma].

The following growth factors play a role in the development of uterine leiomyoma: EFR- epidermal growth factor, EFR-R- receptor of EFR, TGF- thrombocytic growth factor, TGFb- transforming growth factor beta, ILGF1 - insulin-like growth factor of the 1st type. These factors stimulate proliferation of cells, stroma and angiogenesis in the tumor. Mitotically active leiomyoma is characterized by a higher content of these growth factors vs ordinary and cellular leiomyomas.

Modeling of the sputtering process of cubic silver halide microcrystals and its relevance in depth profiling by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).

Secondary-ion mass spectrometry is frequently used for concentration-depth profiling of macroscopic samples, but it is certainly not a common analytical technique for the analysis of sub-micrometer-size particles. This is because of the additional ion-bombardment-induced artifacts which can occur when a three-dimensional microvolume is sputtered, instead of a flat surface. This paper presents a model of how small cubic photographic Ag(Cl,Br) crystals are eroded under primary-ion bombardment, and the extent to which secondary ions generated at different faces are extracted.