Three-dimensional printed models for surgical planning of complex congenital heart defects: an international multicentre study.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of 3D printed models (3D models) on surgical planning in complex congenital heart disease (CHD).

Methods: A prospective case-crossover study involving 10 international centres and 40 patients with complex CHD (median age 3 years, range 1 month-34 years) was conducted. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were used to acquire and segment the 3D cardiovascular anatomy.