[From scrophula to mycobacterial lymphadenitis].

In the 19th century it was widely believed that both tuberculosis and cervical lymph node swelling, known as scrophula, affected individuals predisposed to an inherited "diathetic constitution". In 1882 Robert Koch proved that human tuberculosis and scrophulous lesions were caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the early twentieth century it was stated that Mycobacterium bovis, the bacillus of cattle tuberculosis, could also cause cervical lymphoadenitis in humans, especially in children, by the intake of milk from sick cows.

Validation of the Simplified Criteria for the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Chilean-Hispanic Patients.

Introduction And Aim: In 2008 the International autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Group proposed the simplified diagnostic criteria for this disease. The original cohort study was performed in 11 international centers, but validation studies are scarce in Latin-America. The aim of this study is validate these criteria in Hispanic patients.

[Scrofula in the 19th century].

In the 19th century scrofula or scrofulous adenitis was a frequent condition estimated by the finding of swollen cervical lymph nodes or scars, occurring in both sexes at all epochs of life, mainly in children. It was thought that it principally affected people with an inherited phlegmatic constitution that involved a scrofulous disposition or "diathesis". The disease would be triggered by environmental agents, bad habits or excesses in style of life.

[Medical education in the Chilean colonial period during 18th century: Professor Domingo Nevin and his disciple Pedro Manuel Chaparro].

This article outlines the beginning of the medical studies at the Universidad de San Felipe de Santiago de Chile on the second half of the 18th century. Dr Domingo Nevin was the first professor of Prima Medicina and Proto-medico. Dr.

Conversion to mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in liver recipients: Calcineurin inhibitor levels are key.

 The use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) after liver transplantation is associated with post-transplant nephrotoxicity. Conversion to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) monotherapy improves renal function, but is related to graft rejection in some recipients. Our aim was to identify variables associated with rejection after conversion to MMF monotherapy.

[Outcomes using two preservation solutions (UW/HTK) in liver transplantation from brain death donors].

Background: Preservation solutions are critical for organ transplantation. In liver transplant (LT), the solution developed by the University Of Wisconsin (UW) is the gold-standard to perfuse deceased brain death donor (DBD) grafts. Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK), formerly a cardioplegic infusion, has been also used in solid organ transplantation.

[The pretended healing of scrofula by the king's touch].

From the 11th century up to the beginning of the 19th century a healing rite was performed by the kings of France and England. They were considered to have a hereditary divine power to cure with their hand the scrofula, a tuberculous lymphadenitis that affects mainly cervical lymph nodes. The rite took place regularly over groups of scrofulous patients and a wide audience.

Portal hypertension and acute liver failure as uncommon manifestations of primary amyloidosis.

Hepatic involvement in primary amyloidosis is an infrequent challenge to the hepatologist. Although usually asymptomatic, amyloidosis may have unusual manifestations. Liver biopsy is an important diagnostic tool for this condition.

Helicobacter pylori-associated hypochlorhydria in children, and development of iron deficiency.

Aims: Acute Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with transient hypochlorhydria. In H pylori-associated atrophy, hypochlorhydria has a role in iron deficiency (ID) through changes in the physiology of iron-complex absorption. The aims were to evaluate the association between H pylori-associated hypochlorhydria and ID in children.

Steatotic livers. Can we use them in OLTX? Outcome data from a prospective baseline liver biopsy study.

Introduction: Steatotic livers have been associated with greater risk of allograft dysfunction in liver transplantation. Our aim was to determinate the prevalence of steatosis in grafts from deceased donors in Chile and to assess the utility of a protocol-bench biopsy as an outcome predictor of steatotic grafts in our transplant program.

Material And Methods: We prospectively performed protocol-bench graft biopsies from March 2004 to January 2009.

Inverse correlation between allergy markers and Helicobacter pylori infection in children is associated with elevated levels of TGF-β.

Objectives: We evaluated allergy/hypersensitivity clinical markers and their correlation with Helicobactor pylori infection in children and adults to analyze how early acquisition of H. pylori could modulate allergic disorder expression.

Patients And Methods: H.

Thalidomide for the treatment of metastatic hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a case report with a long term follow-up.

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEH) is an unusual, low-grade malignant vascular tumor of the liver. Here we describe a case of a 40-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain in the upper right quadrant and giant hepatomegaly, in which imaging studies and a fine-needle liver biopsy confirmed the presence of a large EHE with an isolated lung metastasis. After balancing all possible therapeutic modalities the patient was treated conservatively with thalidomide (300 mg/day).

Overexpression of p73 as a tissue marker for high-risk gastritis.

Purpose: Histologic assessment of high-risk gastritis for the development of gastric cancer is not well defined. The identification of tissue markers together with the integration of histologic features will be required for this assessment.

Experimental Design: Matched tumor/nontumor adjacent mucosa (NTAM) of 91 early gastric cancer and 148 chronic gastritis cases were evaluated for histologic characteristics (atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, chronic inflammation, polymorphonuclear infiltration, and Helicobacter pylori) by the Sydney System.

[Outcome of surgical treatment of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer].

Background: Surgical resection is the only treatment associated with long-term cure in patients with liver metastasis from colorectal cancer, achieving a 30% to 40% five years survival.

Aim: To evaluate the results of liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in our centre.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective study.

[Long-term survival in carcinoid tumour of the appendix. An analysis of 8903 appendectomies].

Introduction: Appendiceal carcinoids are the most frequent tumors of the appendix and are usually detected as an incidental finding in the final pathology report. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics, surgical treatment and long-term survival in patients with an appendiceal carcinoid tumor.

Material And Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients treated from 1980 to 2007 with a pathological diagnosis of appendiceal carcinoid tumor.

[Long term survival of patients operated for early gastric cancer].

Background: Early gastric cancer involves mucosa and submucosa, independent of lymph node involvement. Radical gastrectomy is the standard treatment.

Aim: To assess long term survival of patients operated for an early gastric cancer.

[Gastric adenocarcinoma appearing 32 years after the resection of a gastric lymphoma. Report of one case].

The association of gastric lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma in the same patient is uncommon. We report a 76 year-old male with a previous history of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding who required a subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction in 1974. Pathology demonstrated a gastric lympho-histiocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Lack of diagnostic utility of specific immunoglobulin M in Helicobacter pylori infection in children.

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection results in a systemic immune response characterized by the initial rise of immunoglobulin (Ig) M followed by the elevation of IgG- and IgA-specific antibody levels in serum. Age and regional considerations may modify the accuracy of serological tests.

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of specific IgG, IgA, and IgM in H pylori infection determination in different age groups.

Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children is associated with a regulatory T-cell response.

Background & Aims: Helicobacter pylori infection in children infrequently causes gastroduodenal mucosal ulceration. Because H pylori induces T-cell dependent gastric inflammation in adults and T regulatory (Treg) cells suppress T-cell-dependent pathology, we evaluated gastric histopathology and Treg cell responses in H pylori-infected children and adults.

Methods: Gastric tissue from 36 children and 79 adults with abdominal symptoms in Santiago, Chile, was evaluated prospectively for H pylori bacteria and histopathology using the Sydney classification and Treg responses using immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

[Gastric cancer in patients older than 75 years. Surgical treatment and long-term survival].

Introduction: The characteristics and results of radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer in elderly patients are controversial. Aim. To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and the results of gastrectomy for cancer in a group of patients > or = 75 year old.

[Composite tumor of the colon with liver metastases].

Colonic composite tumors are uncommon masses composed of endo- and exocrine cells. Treatment is similar to that of adenocarcinomas. We report the case of a 44-year-old woman who consulted for abdominal pain.

Effect of losartan on early liver fibrosis development in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Background And Aim: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a metabolic disorder of the liver that may evolve into fibrosis or cirrhosis. Recent studies have shown reduction of experimental liver fibrosis with the use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor antagonists. The aim of this study was to determine whether losartan can influence the early phase of fibrogenesis in an animal model of NASH.

Expression of kallikrein, bradykinin b2 receptor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in placenta in normal gestation, preeclampsia, and placenta accreta.

In an effort to define the varied expression of three vasoactive markers in the clinical models of normal placenta/ normal invasion (n = 11), preeclampsia/restricted trophoblast invasion (n = 15), and placenta accreta/exaggerated invasion (n = 6), we performed semiquantitative immunohistochemistry for kallikrein, bradykinin B2 receptor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In the floating villi, the syncytiotrophoblast expressed more kallikrein in placenta accreta (p < 0.05), than in normal and preeclamptic placentas, while the bradykinin B2 receptor and eNOS were similarly expressed in all groups; in the fetal endothelium, the bradykinin B2 receptor was enhanced in placenta accreta (p < 0.

Pentoxifylline does not prevent neither liver damage nor early profibrogenic events in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a metabolic disorder of the liver, which may evolve to fibrosis or cirrhosis. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been postulated to act as an antifibrogenic agent able to inhibit hepatic stellate cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro. Short-term studies suggest beneficial effects of PTX in experimental models of NASH.