Sodium dichloroisocyanurate toxicity in rats during a 90-day inhalation toxicity study.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate-96% (NaDCC) is commonly used to treat drinking water, industrial water, and wastewater. However, exposure to NaDCC by inhalation can have toxic pulmonary effects in humans. In the present study, we evaluated the potential toxicity of NaDCC following a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley/Crl:CD (SD) rats.

Acute Toxicity in the Rat Lung Induced by Intratracheal Instillation of Glycolic Acid.

Background/aim: Inhalation toxicity tests of glycolic acid, which is used in many household products, have been reported, but the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic-acid has not been confirmed. Here, the lung damage caused by glycolic acid was investigated in rats.

Materials And Methods: An intratracheal instillation test was performed with glycolic acid in male rats.

Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats.

In water, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), a source for chlorine gas generation, releases free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. NaDCC has been used as a disinfectant in humidifiers; however, its inhalation toxicity is a concern. Seven-week-old rats were exposed to NaDCC doses of 100, 500, and 2500 μg·kg body weight by intratracheal instillation (ITI) to investigate pulmonary toxicity.

Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas.

Ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and total suspended particles (TSPs) are common airborne pollutants that cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines.

Recent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2-D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity.

Comprehensive pulmonary toxicity assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride using A549 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound and cationic surfactant, is used in personal hygiene products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and nasal spray. Although public exposure to CPC is frequent, its pulmonary toxicity has yet to be fully characterized. Due to high risks of CPC inhalation, we aimed to comprehensively elucidate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CPC.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride.

The toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC: 0.

Acute and 28-Day Repeated Inhalation Toxicity Study of Glycolic Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Background/aim: The use of glycolic acid is present in a variety of consumer products, including medicines, cleaners, cosmetics, and paint strippers. It has recently led to concerns about toxicity from inhalation exposure. Herein, the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic acid was investigated in rats.

Analysis of gold and silver nanoparticles internalized by zebrafish (Danio rerio) using single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

With the increase in the application of nano-consumer products containing engineered nanoparticles (NPs), the unintended environmental exposure to NPs has been inevitable. Because of the bioaccumulation of NPs, concern about their potential cytotoxicity to aquatic organisms is also growing. Although measuring tools for analyzing particle size and/or concentration of NPs in intracellular uptake of tissues have been well developed, a simultaneous analysis of the two characteristics is difficult.

Trophic transfer of citrate, PVP coated silver nanomaterials, and silver ions in a paddy microcosm.

We used replicated paddy microcosm systems to estimate the tropic transfer of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP citrate), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNP (AgNP PVP), and silver ions (AgNO) for 14 days under two exposure regimes (a single high-dose exposure; 60 μg L and a sequential low-dose exposure at 1 h, 4 days and 9 days; 20 μg L × 3 = 60 μg L). Most Ag ions from AgNO had dispersed in the water and precipitated partly on the sediment, whereas the two Ag NPs rapidly coagulated and precipitated on the sediment. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of Ag from AgNPs and AgNO in Chinese muddy loaches and biofilms were higher than those of river snails in both exposure conditions.

Characterization of silver nanoparticle aggregates using single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS).

The single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was applied to characterize the aggregates of AgNPs. was applied to characterize the aggregates of AgNPs. Two sizes of citrate-AgNPs and PVP-AgNPs were used at relatively high and predicted environmental concentrations under various ionic strengths.

Comparison of Real Time Nanoparticle Monitoring Instruments in the Workplaces.

Background: Relationships among portable scanning mobility particle sizer (P-SMPS), condensation particle counter (CPC), and surface area monitor (SAM), which are different metric measurement devices, were investigated, and two widely used research grade (RG)-SMPSs were compared to harmonize the measurement protocols.

Methods: Pearson correlation analysis was performed to compare the relation between P-SMPS, CPC, and SAM and two common RG-SMPS.

Results: For laboratory and engineered nanoparticle (ENP) workplaces, correlation among devices showed good relationships.

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Screening Test of Ethyl Hydrogen Adipate in Rats.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity and safety of ethyl hydrogen adipate (EHA) by determining its effect on the reproductive function and development of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0 (control), 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day. One male and five females of the 800 mg/kg/day died. Body weight loss was observed in the males of the 800 mg/kg/day and in females of the 400 and 800 mg/kg/day.

Transport, retention, and long-term release behavior of ZnO nanoparticle aggregates in saturated quartz sand: Role of solution pH and biofilm coating.

The transport, retention, and long-term release of zinc oxide nanoparticle aggregates (denoted below as ZnO-NPs) were investigated in saturated, bare and biofilm (Pseudomonas putida) coated sand packed columns. Almost complete retention of ZnO-NPs occurred in bare and biofilm coated sand when the influent solution pH was 9 and the ionic strength (IS) was 0.1 or 10 mM NaCl, and the retention profiles were always hyper-exponential.

Transport of carboxyl-functionalized carbon black nanoparticles in saturated porous media: Column experiments and model analyses.

The aim of this study was to investigate the transport behavior of carboxyl-functionalized carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) in porous media including quartz sand, iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS), and aluminum oxide-coated sand (AOCS). Two sets of column experiments were performed under saturated flow conditions for potassium chloride (KCl), a conservative tracer, and CBNPs. Breakthrough curves were analyzed to obtain mass recovery and one-dimensional transport model parameters.

Serum and ultrastructure responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during long-term exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles.

The uptake of nanoparticles by aquatic organisms such as fish has raised concerns about the possible adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects in juvenile common carp exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for 12 weeks. The carp were exposed to 0 (control), 0.

Effects of ionization on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos.

Increase in the use of manufactured nanomaterials (NMs) has led to concerns about the environmental impacts. Especially, hazard of metal-based NMs is more severe due to ions released from surface by water quality parameters and physicochemical properties after entering into the water environment. However, little is known about the effects of ionization on the toxicity of metal-based NMs in the water environment.

Stepwise embryonic toxicity of silver nanoparticles on Oryzias latipes.

The developmental toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated following exposure of Oryzias latipes (medaka) embryos to 0.1-1 mg/L of homogeneously dispersed AgNPs for 14 days. During this period, developmental endpoints, including lethality, heart rate, and hatching rate, were evaluated by microscopy for different stages of medaka embryonic development.

Exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles affects reproductive development and biodistribution in offspring rats.

Understanding reproductive development effects and transferable properties to next generation of zinc oxide nanoparticles is necessary for prevention of its potential risks. To accomplish this, rats were exposed to zinc oxide nanomaterials (500 mg/kg bw) of less than 100 nm beginning 2 weeks before mating to postnatal day 4. In addition, body distribution of zinc concentration was evaluated in dams and offspring.

Aquatic toxicity assessment of phosphate compounds.

Objectives: Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity.

Combined repeated-dose toxicity study of silver nanoparticles with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test.

Combined repeated-dose toxicity study of citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (7.9 ± 0.95 nm) with reproduction/developmental toxicity was investigated in rats orally treated with 62.

Genotoxic and reproductive effects of an industrially contaminated soil on the earthworm Eisenia fetida.

Polluted soil sampled from a former coking plant in Lorraine (France) was studied for its genotoxicity and reproductive effects on the Eisenia fetida earthworm. Genotoxicity was investigated by means of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay on the coelomocytes of earthworms after 4 and 10 days of exposure to the soil. DNA damage and a decline in the number of coelomocytes extruded from earthworms were observed at coking plant soil concentrations of 20 and 40% (w/w) in ISO soil.