Bilateral Emphysematous Pyelonephritis in a Retroviral Disease Patient.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare infection characterized by the presence of gas in the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissues. This condition is frequently seen in individuals with diabetes and is rarely observed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A 41-year-old retroviral disease (RVD)-positive female patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) presented with features of pyelonephritis.

Acceptance, Intent, Hesitance, and Attitudes Towards SAR-CoV-2 Vaccines Among Healthcare Workers in Michigan, USA.

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are critical infrastructure workers for whom COVID-19 vaccination was prioritized. It is believed that healthcare workers would have little or no hesitancy to take the COVID-19 vaccines given the risks of the pandemic to them, their families, and their patients.

Objective: The study aims to understand the acceptance and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines among the HCWs in Michigan.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Treatment Option for Bladder Cancer: Current Evidence.

Bladder cancer is a prevalent disease, and treatment options for advanced bladder cancer remain limited. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have shown promise in treating bladder cancer. These drugs work by blocking receptors and ligands, disrupting signaling, and allowing T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells.