[Delayed effects of protein deficiency in nutrition of the pregnant rats on development of the enzymatic system in digestive and nondigestive organs of offspring].

It has been found for the first time that protein deficit in female's nutrition during prenatal development of the offspring is accompanied by considerable changes in the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes and of the same hydrolases in the colon, liver and kidneys both in early and in late ontogenesis. It seems possible that changes of the small intestine enzyme functions and hydrolytic functions of other digestive and non-digestive organs in result of an unfavorable early "metabolic/nutritional programming" may be crucial in disorders of metabolic processes leading to development of diseases of risk in adult life.

[Effects of thyroxine and dexamethasone on kinetic characteristics of the small intestine enzymes in rat pups following a low-protein diet in female rats during lactation].

It is shown, that the value of Km for maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M and glycyl-L-leucinedipeptidase, prepared from the jejunum and ileum of 10-day rat litter in membrane and soluble forms in most cases differed but a little in control animals and the rat litter whose mothers in the period of lactation had a diet with 2.5-fold reduced content of protein, and did not change under action of injected thyroxin and dexamethasone. It may be assumed that in the given experimental conditions each of the investigated digestive hydrolases in membrane and soluble forms represents the same enzyme.

[Hydrolases in the large intestine in rats with various experimental pathologies].

In the colon mucous membrane, activity of a wide range of membrane and mainly intracellular enzymes was studied in the organism at different conditions. The data obtained suggest participation of digestive hydrolases in the colon not only on postdigestive processes but, in certain states of the organism, in digestive processes too.

[The current concepts on the absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids and peptides in the mammalian small intestine].

The review is mainly devoted to the development of ideas about absorption, or transport, of basic nutrients in the small intestine in humans and higher animal. The absorption processes have been characterized on the example of such substances, vital for organism, as carbohydrates and proteins. The review considers a molecular structure of transporters--protein molecules, which take part in a transfer of the products of lumenal and membrane digestion of carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, fructose) and proteins (amino acids, oligopeptides) across the enterocyte membranes.

[Effect of protein deficiency in the female rat diet during pregnancy and lactation on the activity of the membrane and soluble forms of digestive enzymes in the offspring small intestine].

Protein deficiency in female rats diet during pregnancy and lactation resulted in deceleration of induction of sucrase both forms in the jejunum and ileum; in acceleration of induction of the maltase membrane from in the jejunum; and in suppression of the lactase membrane form in the ileum; in earlier forming of the adult-type distribution of activity of the membrane form of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and in a decrease in activity of the enzyme soluble form. The findings are corroborated by a suppression of activities of the membrane and soluble forms of the small intestine digestive enzymes in 30-day old rat pups fed with a control (adequate) ration starting 21 days after the birth.

[Correlation between membrane and soluble forms of intestinal enzymes in rat ontogenesis].

With ageing the membrane/soluble form ratio of membrane-boundenzymes increases especially in the ileum and that of peptidases changes rather insignificantly in both portions of the rat small intestine. The soluble forms are supposed to take part in assimilation of food substrates penetrating enterocytes in an unsplit form due to an enhanced permeability of the membranes, particularly those of the ileum.

[Hydrolases of the digestive and nondigestive organs in rhesus macaque monkeys].

Distribution of activity of a wide range of hydrolases was characterised in the duodenum, ileum, jejunum, and colon, as well as in the liver, kidney and spleen in Macaca rhesus. The findings suggest presence of a complex enzyme system performing the membrane and intracellular hydrolysis of nutritional substances, in the small intestine of the primates as well as other mammals. This system, along with the hydrolases of the colon and non-digestive organs, seems to function as an enzymatic barrier.

[Digestive enzyme activity in growing rats consuming nitrates against a background og protein insufficiency].

The effects of sodium nitrate on the activity of digestive enzymes in mucosal and submucosal layers of the small intestine as well as in liver and kidney were studied in the growing rats maintained on either standard or protein-free diets. The enzyme systems were more sensitive in the growing rats to protein deprivation than in adult animals. However, the digestive enzymes were more resistant against nitrate intoxication in the growing rats.

[The enzyme systems of the epithelial and subepithelial layers of the rat small intestine after the transposition of its sections].

At different times after the transposition of the jejunum and ileum of rats bidirectional changes in the mass and activity of digestive enzymes were observed not only in the epithelial but also in the subepithelial layers of various parts of the small intestine and in the duodenal mucosa. The greatest increase in the mucosal mass was revealed in the duodenum. The activity of membrane enzymes changed insignificantly in the epithelial and subepithelial layers.

[The effect of sodium nitrate on the digestive enzyme activity of the small intestine, liver and kidneys of rats].

The activity of digestive enzymes was reduced both in the small intestine mucosal layer and in the postepithelial ones. The reduction was due to sodium nitrate administration and was more obvious in the rats fed with proteins. The response of the enzyme systems of the liver and kidney was heterogeneous.

[Protein starvation and the trophic barrier functions of the enzymatic and transport systems of the digestive and nondigestive organs in adult and growing rats].

A reduced activity of cytosol dipeptidases was revealed both in epithelial and subepithelial layers of the small intestine against the background of protein deprivation in adult and maturing rats. The latters' enzyme systems of the small intestine and kidneys' layers proved to be particularly sensitive to protein deprivation. The disturbance of the digestive-barrier functions provides favourable conditions for penetration of foreign protein and peptide substances into the organism's inner milieu which can be dangerous for a maturing organism.

[Academician Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Ugolev. The development of his scientific ideas].

The science suffered a severe loss with the sudden death in November 2, 1991, of and outstanding physiologist Academician Alexander Mikhaĭlovich Ugolev at the age of 66. All life of this man was devoted to the development of the national science. It was the aim and meaning of his life, he has contributed to scientific progress in every possible way.

[The effect of nitrates on rats during pregnancy on the development of the digestive system in ontogeny].

Administration of nitrates to pregnant rats induced disorder in maturation and hormonal regulation of enzymes prompting the digestion of the main nutrients in the small intestine of suckling rats. Essential changes were also found under these conditions in activity of the liver and kidney enzymes maintaining the barrier and protective functions.

[The digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver and spleen in different functional states].

A wide range of digestive enzymes with different cellular location (membrane, intracellular, Lysosomal) was determined in gastrointestinal organs (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon) as well as in undigestive organs (liver, kidney, spleen) in normal conditions and in altered functional states (fasting, refeeding). High levels of peptidase activity was noted in undigestive organs and the colon as compared to that in the small intestine. Adaptive responses were (revealed not only for a number of membrane enzymes but also for intracellular ones including those in undigestive organs.

[The enzyme-transport characteristics of the small intestine of rats during aging].

Ageing was shown to be accompanied by changes of the activity levels of the small intestine's carbohydrases, dipeptidases, and alkaline phosphatases. The changes occurred both under normal conditions and after operations on the small intestine. In ageing, the small intestine's capacity for the homeomorphosis decreases irrespective of either increase or decrease in the functional loading.

[The enzymatic barrier of the small intestine].

The small intestine's barrier functions are reviewed. The data on mechanical (passive) and active protective systems of the organism against various antigens, toxic substances and proteins, is presented. An important role of these protective systems as an enzyme apparatus of epithelial and postepithelial layers of the small intestine's mucose, is shown.