[The population health and attitude to it in conditions of instability].

The article considers issues of attitude of modern man to one's own health, both physical and mental in conditions of instability. The results of sociological studies implemented in 2021-2022 among the population of the Kursk Oblast are presented. The results reflect personal characteristics and attitudes to health, in particular in conditions of complex epidemiological situation and changes in population behavior in area of health saving in conditions of complicated geopolitical situation.

[Processing of morphological material for molecular genetic tests].

Molecular genetic analysis has become a mandatory component of cancer diagnostics. Preanalytical step for DNA and RNA analysis is a complex process requiring tight interaction between surgeons, pathologists and molecular geneticists. This article discusses key aspects of handling of the tissues before DNA- and RNA-testing.

[Hormone-associated properties and plasticity of omental fat: the relation with clinical-morphological features of endometrial cancer in patients with different obesity phenotypes].

The authors aimed to compare expression of UCP1, aromatase (CYP19), markers of macrophage infiltration (CD68, CD163), omentin and PTEN in omental fat of endometrioid or non-endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC) patients with signs of standard (SO) or metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) by immunohistochemical (IHC) or real-time PCR methods. Totally 57 omental fat samples collected during surgery in EC pts (average age 60.1) were studied.

[Immunohistochemical and genetic profiles of melanomas with spindle cell morphology].

Objective: to comparatively study the immunohistochemical profile and to analyze mutations in the BRAF and N-RAS genes.

Material And Methods: The spindle cell melanomas taken from the Institute's archives were divided into 6 groups according to the results of clinical and morphological analyses and follow-up studies. Immunohistochemical examination was conducted in 58 cases, including 19 nodular spindle cell melanomas, 10 superficial spreading melanomas, 4 combined melanomas, 8 sarcoma- toid melanomas, 13 mixed desmoplastic melanomas, and 4 pure desmoplastic melanomas.

[Assessment of applicability of archived cytological lung cancer specimens for molecular genetic analysis].

Molecular genetic analysis of lung tumors is often essential for the proper choice of therapy. EGFR mutation is a well-known marker of sensitivity to gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib; ALK-translocations make tumor sensitive to several ALK inhibitors; low intratumoral expression of DNA repair genes (ERCC1, BRCA1, etc.) may increase the therapeutic index of platinum-based drugs.

[Potential sensitivity to metformin of the diabetics suffering and not suffering with cancer: a pharmacogenetic study].

The group (totally 156 postmenopausal women) used for the study of 'standard' (S) and 'associated' (A) genetic markers of potential sensitivity to metformin (MF) consisted of 37 healthy females, 32--with diabetes (DM) without cancer, 64 cancer patients with DM, and 23 cancer patients without DM. No significant difference in carrying of S-polymorphisms was found between DM patients without and with cancer. In cancer patients without DM most characteristic data regarding potential MF-response were detected with polymorphisms of STK11 gene while data on OCT1_rs622342 and OCT1_R61C variants showed opposite trends.

[Genetic testing of constitutive sensitivity to metformin in cancer patients with and without diabetes].

Metformin (MF) belongs to the most popular andidiabetic medicines and is considered to possess a selective antineoplastic action. This selectivity at least partly may be explained by the certain features of MF pharmacogenetics. More than 150 postmenopausal females divided into 4 groups (cancer +diabetes type 2 (DM2); cancer without DM2; DM2 without cancer, and healthy) were studied.

[Pharmacoeconomic analysis of gefitinib therapy in patients with non-cell cell lung cancer].

We performed a treatment efficacy analysis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients' population with EGFR mutation aimed at optimization of pharmacoeconomic factors. The employment of gefitinib leads to an increase in patients' life expectancy for a median of 1.05 years.

[Significant regression of glioblastoma with low level of Mgmt gene expression following radiotherapy].

Radiochemotherapy is leading the universal research effort in fighting lethality: it is improving relapse-free survival of patients with inoperable glioblastoma, the most pernicious brain tumor in adults. Its effectiveness was found to depend on expression of Mgmt gene of tumor DNA reparation following radiochemotherapy and adequate medication based on the molecular phenotype of tumor. Our study involved a 40-year old male with a low level of Mgmt gene expression as established by stereotactic biopsy.

[Effectiveness of gefitinib (Iressa) as first-line therapy for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR gene (phase II study)].

Tumor regression was reported in 20-30% of patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSLC) following standard first-line chemotherapy. Clinical trials with second-line gefitinib (Iressa) showed a strikingly high response in patients with mutated EGFR. However, clinical experience with gefitinib as first-line therapy had been limited to small-scale trials mostly among subjects of Asian origin.

[Frequency of expression of markers predictive of sensitivity to cytostatics in skin melanoma].

At present, choice of treatment for skin melanoma depends on empirical data on efficacy of medication. Individual treatment may be promoted if certain markers of sensitivity to chemotherapy are evaluated. We studied frequencies of expression of marker sensitivity to fluoropyrimidin [(FPd) (-1)], TS(-)0 and TS(-).

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the esophagus].

The paper describes a rare case of a stromal tumor of the esophagus in a 68-year-old male who was initially diagnosed as having esophageal leiomyoma after biopsy and study of a surgical material. Stromal tumour could be diagnosed by immunohistochemical (positive expression of oncomarkers; CD117, CD34, vimentin, CD99, and GFAP) and molecular genetic (real-time PCR) studies. This case confirms that it is necessary to use an immunohistochemical study in patients with spindle-cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

[Allelic distribution of the CYP1A1 in lung cancer patients, middle-aged tissue donors and in elderly people without cancer].

The genetic polymorphism of metabolizers of tobacco smoke carcinogens can influence individual susceptibility to lung cancer. The study was concerned with the Mspl-polymorphism of the CYP1A1 gene responsible for encoding aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. It also plays a role in the activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).