Modular Point-of-Need Tropane Alkaloid Detection at Regulatory Levels: Combining Solid-Liquid Extraction from Buckwheat with a Paper-Immobilized Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Immuno-Detection in Interconnectable 3D-Printed Devices.

Contamination with tropane alkaloids in cereals is expected to increase globally. However, current identification tools (e.g.

Recent advances and challenges in the analysis of natural toxins.

Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<∼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial.