Correction: Hepatic gene expression explains primary drug toxicity in bipolar disorder.

The original Article had an incomplete acknowledgements list. The following sentence has now been added to the HTML and PDF versions of this Article: "This study was performed within the framework of the PhD program Molecular Medicine of the Medical University of Graz. This work was supported by the Medical University of Graz within the Open Access Publishing Funding Program.

Hepatic gene expression explains primary drug toxicity in bipolar disorder.

In bipolar disorder (BPD), long-term psychotropic drug treatment is often necessary to prevent relapse or recurrence. Nevertheless, adverse drug effects including disturbances in hepatic metabolism are observed and still poorly understood. Here, the association between hepatic gene expression and histopathological changes of the liver was investigated.

Homer1a protein expression in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.

In recent years, there was growing interest in postsynaptic density proteins in the central nervous system. Of the most important candidates of this specialized region are proteins belonging to the Homer protein family. This family of scaffolding proteins is suspected to participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.

Increased expression of retinoic acid-induced gene 1 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.

Background: Retinoids regulate gene expression in different cells and tissues at the transcriptional level. Retinoic acid transcriptionally regulates downstream regulatory molecules, including enzymes, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytokine receptors. Animal models indicate an involvement of retinoid signaling pathways in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning, especially in the hippocampus.

Immunohistochemistry as a screening tool for ALK rearrangement in NSCLC: evaluation of five different ALK antibody clones and ALK FISH.

Aims: ALK FISH analysis is used as the reference standard to demonstrate ALK rearrangements, which qualify patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas for therapy with ALK inhibitors. The aim of this study was to find screening ALK antibody clones with the best positive and best negative percentage agreement with ALK FISH.

Methods And Results: Three hundred and three pulmonary adenocarcinomas were evaluated with ALK FISH and stained with five ALK antibody clones (5A4; D5F3; ALK1; ALK01; SP8) with standardized detection systems.

Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on gene expression profiles in the liver of schizophrenia subjects.

Background: Although much progress has been made on antipsychotic drug development, precise mechanisms behind the action of typical and atypical antipsychotics are poorly understood.

Methods: We performed genome-wide expression profiling to study effects of typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics in the postmortem liver of schizophrenia patients using microarrays (Affymetrix U133 plus2.0).

Primary leptomeningeal B-cell lymphoma of MALT-type in statu nascendi: a case report and review of the literature.

A 29-year-old Caucasian female suffering from bipolar disorder, mixed, moderate with psychotic features (DSM-IV 296.64) and panic disorder without agoraphobia (DSM-IV 300.01) died as a result of an accidental overdose.

Alterations in kynurenine precursor and product levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Increased concentrations of kynurenine pathway metabolites have been reported by several groups for disorders involving psychosis, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To identify components of the pathway that may be relevant as biomarkers or may underlie the etiology of psychosis, it is essential to characterize the extent of kynurenine pathway activation and to investigate known regulators of one of the key kynurenine-producing enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), previously shown in this laboratory to be increased commensurate with kynurenine in postmortem anterior cingulate brain tissue from individuals with schizophrenia. Using this same anterior cingulate sample set from individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and controls (N=12-14 per group), we measured the precursor of kynurenine and two downstream products.

Polymorphisms in the homeobox gene OTX2 may be a risk factor for bipolar disorder.

We investigated the possible involvement of OTX2, a homeobox gene crucial for forebrain development, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The disruption of this gene results in cortical malformations and causes serotonergic and dopaminergic cells in the midbrain to be expressed in aberrant locations. Resequencing of DNA from OTX2 exons and surrounding introns from 60 individuals (15 schizophrenia, 15 bipolar disorder, 15 depression, and 15 control) revealed two intronic polymorphisms, rs2277499 (C/T) and rs28757218 (G/T), but no other variations.

Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Upregulation of the kynurenine pathway has been associated with several etiologies of psychosis, an indication that increased levels of pathway intermediates might be involved in eliciting some psychotic features. In schizophrenia, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) was previously identified in postmortem frontal cortex as the enzyme likely responsible for the reported increase in pathway activity in the brain. For this follow-up study of postmortem anterior cingulate gyrus, we have found evidence of increased TDO2 activity in schizophrenia at three different levels of regulation: mRNA, protein, and metabolic product.

Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia.

Markers of the kynurenine pathway were studied in postmortem frontal cortex obtained from individuals with schizophrenia and controls. Quantitative endpoint RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA transcripts. Of the two enzymes capable of catalyzing the first step in the pathway, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO), the concentration of mRNA for TDO2 was found to be elevated 1.