Relationships among eye dimensions in magnetic resonance images by sex, age, and strabismus type in Japanese patients with acquired strabismus and high myopia.

Purpose: To investigate the relationships among eye dimensions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans by sex, age, and strabismus type in Japanese patients with acquired strabismus and high myopia.

Study Design: Retrospective clinical case series.

Methods: We included 58 eyes of 29 patients with acquired strabismus and high myopia (mean age ± standard deviation: 60.

Genome-Wide Association Study with Three Control Cohorts of Japanese Patients with Esotropia and Exotropia of Comitant Strabismus and Idiopathic Superior Oblique Muscle Palsy.

Esotropia and exotropia in the entity of comitant strabismus are multifactorial diseases with both genetic and environmental backgrounds. Idiopathic superior oblique muscle palsy, as the predominant entity of non-comitant (paralytic) strabismus, also has a genetic background, as evidenced by varying degrees of muscle hypoplasia. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted of 711 Japanese patients with esotropia (n= 253), exotropia (n = 356), and idiopathic superior oblique muscle palsy (n = 102).

Analysis of temporal changes in thickness from conjunctiva to sclera after plication of the medial rectus muscle measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: We evaluated long-term changes in conjunctival bulge after medial rectus muscle (MR) tightening using the plication method.

Study Design: Retrospective and observational.

Methods: Patients who underwent MR plication for exotropia from December 2016-March 2020 at Okayama University Hospital were included.

Whole Exome-Sequencing of Pooled Genomic DNA Samples to Detect Quantitative Trait Loci in Esotropia and Exotropia of Strabismus in Japanese.

Background: Esotropia and exotropia are two major phenotypes of comitant strabismus. It remains controversial whether esotropia and exotropia would share common genetic backgrounds. In this study, we used a quantitative trait locus (QTL)-sequencing pipeline for diploid plants to screen for susceptibility loci of strabismus in whole exome sequencing of pooled genomic DNAs of individuals.

Clinical Parameters Reflecting Globe/orbit Volume Imbalances in Japanese Acquired Esotropia Patients with High Myopia but without Abduction Limitations.

In high myopia, eye dislocation due to increased globe volume or tight orbital volume causes acquired esotro-pia. GOR (globe/orbit volume ratio), an indicator of the degree of progression of this pathology, was investi-gated the relationships among easily obtained clinical parameters. In this retrospective study, 20 eyes from 10 acquired esotropia patients with high myopia but without abduction limitations were examined.

Shape analysis of rectus extraocular muscles with age and axial length using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the shape of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in normal subjects using the en-face images of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The EOM insertion and the direction of the muscle fibers were investigated.

Subjects And Methods: A total of 97 healthy normal subjects (194 eyes) at Okayama University Hospital (age, 47.

Formulas to Estimate Appropriate Surgical Amounts of Unilateral Recession-Resection in Intermittent Exotropia with Distance-Near Disparity.

The purpose of this study was to derive new formulas to provide an optimal surgical procedure and optimal amount of recession-resection (RR) surgery in intermittent exotropia (IXT) with a disparity in angle of deviation depending on the fixation distance. The records of 117 consecutive patients with IXT who underwent RR surgery between March 2008 and December 2011 at Okayama University Hospital were retrospectively examined. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed using the observed corrective angle of deviation at distance or near fixation as the dependent variable, and amounts of lateral rectus muscle (LR) recession (mm) and medial rectus muscle (MR) resection, and age at surgery (years) as independent variables.

Risk factors for excessive postoperative exo-drift after unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection for intermittent exotropia.

Background: To detect significant factors associated with excessive postoperative exo-drift in young patients with intermittent exotropia who had undergone unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection.

Methods: We retrospectively examined the records of 64 consecutive patients < 18 years old who underwent surgery between April 2004 and December 2011. We sought risk factors for excessive postoperative exo-drift among patients' demographic and clinical characteristics using univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis.

Twist Knot: A New Sliding Noose in Adjustable Suture Strabismus Surgery.

To permit noose movement without fraying the sutures following strabismus surgery, we designed a new sliding noose, the "twist knot" and investigated its advantages and disadvantages. We measured the tensile strength required to move the twist knot in a tightly tied state (134±19 gf) and in a loosened state (21±7 gf), and that required to move the conventional sliding noose in a tightly tied state (48±14 gf), and used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare them. A significant difference was observed among the three tensile strengths (p<0.

Lights-out Surgery for Strabismus Using a Heads-Up 3D Vision System.

During strabismus surgery using illumination from a light source, patients complain of photophobia. The NGENUITYⓇ (Alcon) system is equipped with a high-dynamic-range (HDR) camera. A 4K display viewed by wearing circularly polarized glasses provides clear three-dimensional images of the operative field.

Congenital Multiple Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Complicated by Splitting of the Lateral Rectus Muscle.

We report a case of congenital multiple ocular motor nerve palsy combined with splitting of the lateral rectus muscle (LR). A 59-year-old Japanese female was investigated for worsening esotropia after corrective surgery. She presented with left hypertropia (35Δ) and esotropia (45-50Δ).

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of age-related distance esotropia in Japanese patients with high myopia.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the extraocular muscles and the orbital connective tissue pulleys in Japanese patients with age-related distance esotropia (ARDE) and high myopia using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: This was a retrospective case-series study. High-resolution coronal MRI scans of 12 orbits were obtained in 6 patients with ARDE and high myopia (age range: 51-69 years).

Differences in the Stability and Amount of Postoperative Exodrift with Age after Unilateral Lateral Rectus Muscle Recession and Medial Rectus Muscle Resection of Intermittent Exotropia.

We investigated variances in the stability and amount of postoperative exodrift among age groups of intermittent exotropia (XPT) patients who underwent unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection. We analyzed the cases of 110 consecutive patients who underwent the surgery in 2004-2011, dividing the patients into groups by their age at surgery: <10, 10-19, and ≥20 years. We performed a regression analysis (dependent variable: postoperative exodrift (°); independent variable: number of days post-surgery) using the formula of curve lines.

Predictive factors for corrective effect of inferior rectus recession for congenital superior oblique palsy.

Purpose: To identify preoperative factors associated with the surgical corrective effect of contralateral inferior rectus recession (IRR) for vertical deviation in patients with congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Methods: This retrospective study included 20 treatment-naïve patients with unilateral congenital SOP (age range, 6-79 years) who underwent contralateral IRR according to our basic policy to select IRR for paretic eye fixation. The corrective effect (°/mm) of IRR was defined as the difference in the vertical deviation at the primary gaze position between before and 6-18 months after surgery per distance of recession.

Quantitative Analysis of the Effects of a Bangerter Filter on Gross Stereopsis in Experimental Models of Reduced Visual Acuity.

Although a 0.3 Bangerter filter, which reduces visual acuity, is frequently used for treating moderate amblyopia, the effects on gross stereopsis are not well known. This study quantitatively evaluated whether gross stereopsis is degraded by a Bangerter filter.

Clinical factors underlying a single surgery or repetitive surgeries to treat superior oblique muscle palsy.

The purpose of this study is to know clinical factors underlying either a single surgery or repetitive surgeries, required to treat superior oblique muscle palsy. Retrospective review was made on 246 consecutive patients with idiopathic (n = 212) or acquired (n = 34) superior oblique muscle palsy who underwent surgeries in 8 years at one institution. Idiopathic palsy included congenital and decompensated palsies while acquired palsy included traumatic and ischemic palsies.

Outcome of conventional treatment for adult amblyopia.

Purpose: To ascertain whether conventional treatment can improve visual function in adults with amblyopia.

Methods: Sixteen patients aged 21-67 years old were instructed to wear glasses for refractive correction and to patch the non-amblyopic eye for at least 1 h per day. Visual acuity, measured with crowded optotypes for distance and near acuity, was checked every 3 months, and followed for a mean (SD) of 14.

Effects of vertical muscle surgery on differences in the orientation of Listing's plane in patients with superior oblique palsy.

Background: Although scleral search coils are widely and accurately used for the measurement of Listing's plane in both eyes, they require specialized equipment and are invasive. In this study, we describe a convenient and less invasive method that uses a synoptometer to analyze the differences in orientation of Listing's plane (difLP), and the effects of vertical muscle surgery on the difLP tilt in patients with superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Methods: Seventeen patients with unilateral congenital SOP (CSOP) and four patients with unilateral acquired SOP (ASOP) who had not undergone any strabismus surgeries were examined.

Vertical alignment in monkeys with unilateral IV section: effects of prolonged monocular patching and trigeminal deafferentation.

We investigated monocular viewing and trigeminal (V) deafferentation on the vertical deviation (VD) in monkeys following intracranial IV section. Two monkeys wore a patch for four to six weeks, one over the paretic eye and the other over the normal eye following IV section. Two other monkeys had combined IV and V section with the paretic eye patched postlesion.

Relationship between static ocular counterroll and Bielschowsky head tilt phenomenon.

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess how hyperdeviation of a paretic eye during ipsilesional head tilt-the Bielschowsky head tilt phenomenon (BHP)-can be explained by decreased compensatory ocular counterrolling (OCR) due to the depressed torque of the paretic superior oblique (SO) muscle.

Methods: Thirty-three patients with clinically diagnosed SO palsy and 11 control subjects were studied. With a head-mounted video camera, static ocular counterrolling (s-OCR) was determined by measuring the inclination of a line connecting the two centroids of the characteristic iris pattern and corneal reflex.

Effect of progressive addition lenses on myopia progression in Japanese children: a prospective, randomized, double-masked, crossover trial.

Purpose: This prospective, randomized, double-masked, crossover trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of progressive addition lenses (PALs) compared with single-vision lenses (SVLs) on myopia progression in Japanese children.

Methods: Ninety-two children fulfilling the inclusion criteria (age: 6-12 years, spherical equivalent refractive errors: -1.25 to -6.

Cycloplegic effect of 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine mixed eye drops: objective assessment in Japanese schoolchildren with myopia.

Purpose: To evaluate the cycloplegic effect of mixed eye drops containing 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine in myopic children, and to determine whether their efficacy was associated with their clinical characteristics.

Axial length measurement using partial coherence interferometry in myopic children: repeatability of the measurement and comparison with refractive components.

Purpose: To evaluate the test-retest repeatability of axial length (AL) measurements made with the IOLMaster in children with a wide range of myopic refractive errors, and to clarify the relationship between the AL and other refractive components.

Methods: The subjects were 95 children (mean age +/- SD, 10.8 +/- 1.

Static Otolith-ocular Reflex Reflects Superior Oblique Muscle Disorder.

Purpose: To elucidate the action of static otolith-ocular reflex (sOOR) in patients with superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Design: Observational case series study.

Methods: Compensatory ocular countertorsion produced by sOOR was analyzed in 12 patients with unilateral SOP and 11 normal subjects using a head-mounted measuring system.

Static ocular counterroll: video-based analysis after minimizing the false-torsion factors.

Purpose: To determine the validity and usefulness of a newly developed measurement method of static ocular counterrolling (s-OCR) that eliminates false-torsion factors and to test the Jampel hypothesis that s-OCR does not exist.

Methods: A lightweight measurement device, consisting of a video camera, a coaxial light source, and a laser pointer projecting a fixation target on the wall, was fixed to a subject's head by means of a mouthpiece. In 11 healthy adults (mean age: 30 +/- 15 years), digital images of the right eye were captured while the subject kept his head tilted at a randomly selected angle ranging from 0 degrees to 50 degrees .