Psychological and mental impact of long-standing incontinence on children and adolescents with complex urologic disorders.

Purpose: Incontinence has a negative impact on the quality of life and is associated with psychiatric disturbances in humans. This study evaluates the impact of long-standing incontinence on psychological and mental development.

Methods: This is a cohort study carried out in a tertiary care urologic facility.

Consanguinity and increased risk for schizophrenia in Egypt.

Background: Consanguinity has been suggested as a risk factor for psychoses in some Middle Eastern countries, but adequate control data are unavailable. Our recent studies in Egypt have shown elevated parental consanguinity rates among patients with bipolar I disorder (BP1), compared with controls. We have now extended our analyses to schizophrenia (SZ) in the same population.