Cilostazol attenuates mirabegron-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats: regulation of metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory pathways.

Background: Mirabegron (MIRG) is a type of β3 adrenoceptor agonist that is considered an alternative therapy for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. Cilostazol (CITZ) is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (III) that has various pharmacological effects.

Objectve: The current study aimed to highlight the regulatory effects of CITZ on MIRG-induced toxicity.

The ameliorating effect of Rutin on hepatotoxicity and inflammation induced by the daily administration of vortioxetine in rats.

Background: Vortioxetine (VORTX) is a potent and selective type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is mainly prescribed for treating major depression along with mood disorders as the first drug of choice. Limited previous findings have indicated evidence of liver injury and hepatotoxicity associated with daily VORTX treatment. Rutin (RUT), which is known for its antioxidant properties, has demonstrated several beneficial health actions, including hepatoprotection.

Ameliorative effect of hesperidin against high dose sildenafil-induced liver and testicular oxidative stress and altered gene expression in male rats.

Background: The clinical use of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction, is limited because of its many side effects on tissues. In this context, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, on hepatic and testicular damage induced by a high dose of sildenafil citrate in male rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups.

Mitigative effect of caffeine against diclofenac-induced hepato-renal damage and chromosomal aberrations in male albino rats.

Background: Among the most commonly consumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is Diclofenac (Dic), especially in low-income countries due to its high efficiency and affordable price. However, the continuous administration of Diclofenac may induce toxic effects on various body organs including the liver and kidney. Caffeine (Caf) (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a pharmacologically active alkaloid type with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Protective and restorative potency of diosmin natural flavonoid compound against tramadol-induced testicular damage and infertility in male rats.

Flavonoids are polyphenolic natural compounds with various biological actions and limited toxicity including diosmin (DM) which is considered a safe flavonoid natural type with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Tramadol (TM) is a centrally long-acting analgesic class of opioids extensively being used among the population. It was reported that long-term exposure to TM triggers the releases of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and nitric oxides resulting in organs damage.

The effect of ferulic acid against lead-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in kidney and testes of rats.

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants which leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells. Reactive oxygen species contains oxygen radicals that easily react with other molecules in the biological system. For decades, lead acetate (Pb(CHO2)) is used as an additive for many widely used chemical products such as insecticides, hair dyes, and cosmetics; however, contact with lead acetate may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.