Evaluation of TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva among diabetic retinopathy patients in East Coast Malaysia.

Objective: To compare tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in saliva between different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2018 and November 2020. This study included diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with no DR, non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR).

Acute Proptosis in a Diabetic Patient: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemmas.

An elderly diabetic lady presented with a painful swollen right eye and blurred vision for one week, preceded by right eye redness for six months. Her right eye best-corrected visual acuity was finger counting at 1 m. There was right eye proptosis, limited extraocular muscle movements, corkscrew vessels, chemosis and elevated intraocular pressure, but no bruit.