Human Breast Milk Exosomes: Affecting Factors, Their Possible Health Outcomes, and Future Directions in Dietetics.

Human breast milk is a complex biological fluid containing multifaceted biological compounds that boost immune and metabolic system development that support the short- and long-term health of newborns. Recent literature suggests that human breast milk is a substantial source of nutrients, bioactive molecules, and exosomes. This review examines the factors influencing exosomes noted in human milk and the impacts of exosomes on infant health.

Neonatal Resuscitation Practices in Turkey: A Survey of the Turkish Neonatal Society and the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies.

Objective: Optimal care in the delivery room is important to decrease neonatal morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate neonatal resuscitation practices in Turkish centers.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional survey consisted of a 91-item questionnaire focused on delivery room practices in neonatal resuscitation and was sent to 50 Turkish centers.

Breast Milk Protein Percentiles According to Gestational and Postnatal Age: Could It Be Used as a New Alternative in Guided Fortification?

Human milk is the first choice for infant nutrition but it must be multinutrient fortified for optimum growth and neurodevelopment in preterm infants. However, there is no consensus on ideal fortification method. The authors aimed to generate the human-milk protein content percentiles during the first five postnatal weeks in four preterm groups (n = 108) with median gestational age of 32 (23-36) wk, who were fed adjustably fortified breast milk in the NICU between October 2011 and June 2013.

The prevalence and diagnostic criteria of health-care associated infections in neonatal intensive care units in Turkey: A multicenter point- prevalence study.

Background: Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) in the neonatal period cause substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of HAIs, antimicrobial susceptibility of causative agents, and the adaptivity of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria in neonatal HAI diagnosis.

Methods: A HAI point prevalence survey was conducted in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of 31 hospitals from different geographic regions in Turkey.

Neonatal Seizures and Future Epilepsy: Predictive Value of Perinatal Risk Factors, Electroencephalography, and Imaging.

Context: There are limited data in the literature about the relationship between neonatal seizures and subsequent epilepsy.

Aims: This study aimed to identify the predictive value of perinatal factors, etiologies, electroencephalography (EEG), and cranial ultrasonography (USG) for future epilepsy after neonatal seizures.

Materials And Methods: A total of 92 children with epilepsy who had seizures during their neonatal period were retrospectively evaluated whether the contribution of perinatal, natal, and postnatal risk factors confining clinical, laboratory, EEG, and imaging to subsequent epilepsy.

Early neonatal outcomes of very-low-birth-weight infants in Turkey: A prospective multicenter study of the Turkish Neonatal Society.

Objective: To investigate the early neonatal outcomes of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants discharged home from neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Turkey.

Material And Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed between April 1, 2016 and April 30, 2017. The study included VLBW infants admitted to level III NICUs.

Neuroprotective effect of L-arginine in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemia.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the neuroprotective effects of l-Arginine (l-arg) in the seven-day-old rat hypoxia-ischemia model. L-Arginine ( = 10) or saline ( = 8) was administered intraperitoneally to seven-day-old rats before hypoxia-ischemia. In addition, 18 seven-day-old rats were given l-Arginine ( = 10) or saline ( = 8) after hypoxic-ischemic insult.

Effects of blood transfusion on regional tissue oxygenation in preterm newborns are dependent on the degree of anaemia.

Aim: Most of the preterm infants are transfused at least once during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aims of this study were to demonstrate if packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion modulates regional (cerebral, abdominal, renal) tissue oxygen saturation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and to demonstrate if we can use NIRS to guide transfusion decisions in neonates.

Methods: A multi-probe NIRS device was applied to anaemic preterm infants of gestational age <33 weeks for 30-60 min before and 24 h after pRBC transfusion.

Incidence, risk factors and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in Turkey (TR-ROP study): a prospective, multicentre study in 69 neonatal intensive care units.

Background: To evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Turkey and to establish screening criteria for this condition.

Methods: A prospective cohort study (TR-ROP) was performed between 1 April 2016 and 30 April 2017 in 69 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Infants with a birth weight (BW)≤1500 g or gestational age (GA)≤32 weeks and those with a BW>1500 g or GA>32 weeks with an unstable clinical course were included in the study.

Different presentations of cow`s milk protein allergy during neonatal period.

Aktaş S, Ergenekon E, Ünal S, Türkyılmaz C, Hirfanoğlu İM, Atalay Y. Different presentations of Cow's milk protein allergy during neonatal period. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 322-328.

Effects of Volume Guaranteed Ventilation Combined with Two Different Modes in Preterm Infants.

Background: Volume-controlled ventilation modes have been shown to reduce duration of mechanical ventilation, incidence of chronic lung disease, failure of primary mode of ventilation, hypocarbia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants when compared with pressure limited ventilation modes. Volume-guarantee (VG) ventilation is the most commonly used mode for volume-controlled ventilation. Assist control, pressure-support ventilation (PSV), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) can be combined with VG; however, there is a lack of knowledge on the superiority of each regarding clinical outcomes.

Effects of a closed system suction connector on airway resistance in ventilated neonates.

Background/aim: Increased airway resistance reduces the effectiveness of ventilation treatment. Endotracheal tubes (ETTs) and connectors contribute to resistance. However, the effect of a closed system suction (CSS) connector is not well known.

Echocardiography may cause significant pain response in preterm infants.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate if echocardiographic examination causes any pain response in term and preterm infants.

Methods: Term and preterm neonates who admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Gazi University Hospital and Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Training and Research Hospital and were performed echocardiography for any reason were included into the study. Neonates were evaluated before, during and 10 minutes after the examination.

Examining the protective effects of acetyl l-carnitine on cisplatin-induced uterine tube toxicity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cisplatin and the protective role of acetyl l-carnitine against uterine tube toxicity. Twenty-four female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control group was injected with saline (control); group 2 was injected with acetyl l-carnitine; group 3 was injected with cisplatin; and group 4 was pre-treated with acetyl l-carnitine before cisplatin intraperitoneal injection. According to our results, a significant weight loss was observed in rats from group 3.

Perfusion index assessment during transition period of newborns: an observational study.

Background: Perfusion index (PI) is becoming a part of clinical practice in neonatology to monitor peripheral perfusion noninvasively. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes occur in newborns during the transition period after birth in which peripheral perfusion may be affected. Tachypnea is a frequent symptom during this period.

Impact of mode of delivery on skin microcirculation in term healthy newborns within the first day of life.

Background: Microcirculation is an important component of hemodynamic physiology. It can be assessed simply by clinical scores or by a variety of techniques including sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging and peripheral perfusion index (PI) measurements. Mode of delivery may have affects on microcirculation during transitional period.

Nasal HFOV with Binasal Cannula Appears Effective and Feasible in ELBW Newborns.

Non-invasive ventilation has been used increasingly in recent years to reduce the duration of endotracheal ventilation and its complications, especially bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation are the most common non-invasive modalities, and nasal high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (n-HFOV) is relatively new but it seems effective and feasible. We present three premature cases who were ventilated with n-HFOV with Neotech RAM Cannula as interphase.

Brain death and organ donation of children.

We aimed to define the demographic characteristics, clinical features and outcome of patients with brain death, and to emphasize the importance of organ donation from children. Data for the period from September 2009 to October 2012 were collected retrospectively. Twenty children who were diagnosed as brain death were included.

Skinfold thickness of preterm newborns when they become late preterm infants.

Background: Nutrition of very low-birth-weight newborns is important for a good physical and neurologic outcome. Body composition assessment, together with anthropometric measurements, is considered necessary to monitor adequate nutrition and growth. Objectives of this study were to assess body fat changes in newborns ≤32 weeks gestation by weekly skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements and to compare them with those of late preterm infants born at 34, 35, and 36 weeks once they reached 34, 35, and 36 weeks corrected age (CA).

Comparing the fatty acid levels of preterm and term breast milk in Turkish women.

Aim: Lipids are the main source of calories and considered very important in infant growth. We aimed to compare fatty acid composition of term and preterm breast milk. This is the first study that compares the fatty acid levels of preterm and term breast milk in Turkish women.

The effects of breast milk storage and freezing procedure on interleukine-10 levels and total antioxidant activity.

Objective: To compare interleukine-10 (IL-10) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels after breast milk storage by studying premature and term mothers’ colostrum and mature milk and by analyzing those levels relative to gestational week.

Methods: Fifty-four colostrum and mature breast milk samples were collected from both premature and term mothers. The samples were divided into three groups based on the time of analysis: fresh milk, at +4 °C for 72 h, and at -20 °C for 14 d.