From Phineas Gage and Monsieur Leborgne to H.M.: Revisiting Disconnection Syndromes.

On the 50th anniversary of Norman Geschwind's seminal paper entitled 'Disconnexion syndrome in animal and man', we pay tribute to his ideas by applying contemporary tractography methods to understand white matter disconnection in 3 classic cases that made history in behavioral neurology. We first documented the locus and extent of the brain lesion from the computerized tomography of Phineas Gage's skull and the magnetic resonance images of Louis Victor Leborgne's brain, Broca's first patient, and Henry Gustave Molaison. We then applied the reconstructed lesions to an atlas of white matter connections obtained from diffusion tractography of 129 healthy adults.

[Virtual endoscopic navigation and body transparency based on computed tomography. A step towards in vivo imaging].

Progress in HR-CTdata processing has led to lower X-ray exposure and to better diagnostic performance. We describe 19 adult patients (among 5000) examined by HR CT with 64 detectors, acquisition and exposure protocols in mSv, spiral, 0.6-mm slices, 5To PACS.

[Boxing: traumatology and prevention].

In 1986, a surgeon who, as an amateur boxer himself was concerned with boxers' health, approached a pioneering Parisian neuroimaging unit. Thus began a study in close cooperation with the French Boxing Federation, spanning 25 years. In a first series of 52 volunteer boxers (13 amateurs and 39 professionals), during which MRI gradually replaced computed tomography, ten risk factors were identified, which notably included boxing style: only one of 40 "stylists" with a good boxing technique had cortical atrophy (4.

[Dynamic study of the female levator ani muscle using MRI 3D vectorial modeling].

Unlabelled: The levator ani muscle has a major role in the female pelvic floor, and is involved in the pathophysiology of pelvic prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. We conducted an anatomical and morphological study of this muscle using dynamic 3D vectorial reconstruction MRI, in order to analyze the contraction of two major components of the levator ani: the iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus.

Materials And Methods: Three volunteer healthy continent nulliparous women aged from 19 to 22 underwent dynamic pelvic MRI.

[Value of the functional neural tractography in the reconstruction of the visual pathways in DTMRI].

Objective: This article shows that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are very useful in the in vivo description of the visual pathways using today's most advanced techniques and allowing fusion between fMRI and tractography. Two complementary techniques were combined: (1) DTI coupled with the tractography and (2) fMRI.

Materials And Methods: A group of 205 cases, normal and pathological, children and adults, were studied for tractographic reconstitution of visual pathways.

[Imaging the brain, from the cell to the organ].

Brain imaging has progressed over the centuries, from prehistory (surgical and sculptural empiricism), through the Middle Ages (dissection and drawings), the Renaissance (printing) and the 18th century (Spallanzani and ultrasounds), to the 19th century and the discovery of piezoelectricity by the Curie brothers and X-rays by Röntgen in 1895. The head had finally become transparent! The microscope was used by Ramon Y Cajal for histological and neuropathological brain studies. Marie Curie's discovery of radioisotopes paved the way for advances in in vivo neurophysiology.

[Spontaneous subretinal isolated hematomas or associated with macular degeneration: a retrospective review of 95 cases].

Introduction: Diagnosis of choroidal hematoma, either spontaneous or associated with age-related macular degeneration, is clinical. In some cases of expansive or posterior lesion, hematoma may be misdiagnosed as a tumor. MRI and color Doppler imaging (CDI) are important in ruling out uveal melanoma in these cases.

[The results of MRI exploration of glaucoma patients: what are the benefits?].

After 13 years of glaucoma exploration using MRI at 1.5 and 3 Tesla, we have deduced that there is no specific characteristic between the different forms of this disease, which is manifested by a slowly progressing degenerative optical neuropathy, predominant from front to back (with volume of the optic nerve head always greater than the distal portions of the 2nd neurone, chiasma, and optic tract), interspersed with clinical flare-ups that are recognized by an intense localized hypersignal (frequently from the apex progressing along the canal). Visual tract involvement is always bilateral, even in cases where symptoms are exclusively unilateral (asymmetry can be observed in these cases).

[Computed tomography and cranial paleoanthropology].

Since its invention in 1972, computed tomography (C.T.) has significantly evolved.

[Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 486 cases].

Objectives: Detail the most frequent problems encountered in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma.

Patients: and method: We conducted a retrospective study on the children referred to the Curie Institute for suspicion of retinoblastoma between 2000 and 2006. Diagnosis was made by fundus examination using the indirect ophthalmoscope, ultrasonography, and MRI.

Mutations in the AP1S2 gene encoding the sigma 2 subunit of the adaptor protein 1 complex are associated with syndromic X-linked mental retardation with hydrocephalus and calcifications in basal ganglia.

Fried syndrome, first described in 1972, is a rare X-linked mental retardation that has been mapped by linkage to Xp22. Clinical characteristics include mental retardation, mild facial dysmorphism, calcifications of basal ganglia and hydrocephalus. A large four-generation family in which the affected males have striking clinical features of Fried syndrome were investigated for linkage to X-chromosome markers; the results showed that the gene for this condition lies within the interval DXS7109-DXS7593 in Xp22.

Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong.

In 1861, the French surgeon, Pierre Paul Broca, described two patients who had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain. Since that time, an infinite number of clinical and functional imaging studies have relied on this brain-behaviour relationship as their anchor for the localization of speech functions. Clinical studies of Broca's aphasia often assume that the deficits in these patients are due entirely to dysfunction in Broca's area, thereby attributing all aspects of the disorder to this one brain region.

[Functional amblyopia: a functional MRI evaluation of the visual cortex response after treatment].

Purpose: Functional MRI evaluation of the cortical response in treated amblyopic patients.

Material And Methods: Clinical and functional MRI exploration of ten patients, seven men and three women aged from 21 to 59 years, with strabismus management during childhood. Functional evaluations were performed on a 1.

Resolution of homonymous visual field loss documented with functional magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging.

A 68-year-old man developed right homonymous hemianopic paracentral scotomas from acute infarction of the left extrastriate area. He was studied over the ensuing 12 months with visual fields, conventional MRI, functional MRI (fMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). As the visual field defect became smaller, fMRI demonstrated progressively larger areas of cortical activation.

[Arteriovenous malformation of the brain revealed through a visual blur and Adie's pupil].

Introduction: Arteriovenous malformations of the brain (BAVMs) are a relatively rare group involving intracranial vascular lesions (telangiectasia, cavernous malformation, venous anomaly). We report the case of a patient who presented an atypical visual symptomatology revealing a BAVM.

Observation: A 48-year-old woman consulted for a recent bilateral visual blur.

MR tractography with diffusion tensor imaging in clinical routine.

Using MRI, we demonstrated that the depiction of the cerebral white matter fiber tracts has become a routine procedure. Diffusion tensor (DT) sequences may be analyzed with combined volume analysis and tractography extraction software, giving indirect visualization of white matter connections. We obtained DT data from 20 subjects with normal MR imaging and five patients presenting cerebral diseases such as brain tumors, multiple sclerosis and stroke, with five patients explored on two different MR scanners.

[The visual pathways, from anatomical MRI to physiological with (f)MRI and tractography with diffusion tensor MRI (DTMRI)].

Advances in MRI technology have led to a better knowledge of visual pathways (1984-2004), with a new descriptive anatomy and functional model. The authors first describe the technical development of MRI over the last thirty years, then describe and illustrate the new descriptive anatomy. Cephalic MRI reveals brain structures that were previously invisible, on different encephalic planes, in the optic pathways, horizontally from the cornea to the calcarin fissure (neuro-ocular plane (NOP), oblique trans-hemispheric neuro-ocular (OTNOP) and neuro-opto-tractal planes (NOTP)), in their orthogonal orientation upon the oculomotor pathways: head and axonal optic nerve pack (visual deutoneurons in their meninges), optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations and the calcarian fissure.

[Cortical response to age-related macular degeneration (Part II). Functional MRI study].

Unlabelled: PURPOSE AND MATERIALS: To evaluate the cortical response to visual stimulation in patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), we conducted a functional MRI study in ten patients presenting unilateral or bilateral ARMD and five age-matched controls, using white flashes during activation phases (see Part I).

Results: After anatomical conformation, eight patients and four controls showed significant cortical hemodynamic response to monocular stimulations. Individual analysis was preferred to group evaluation, because of the differences in visual loss in a small number of patients.

[Cortical response in age-related macular degeneration (part I). Methodology and subject specificities].

Purpose: To evaluate the cortical response to visual stimulation in patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).

Material And Methods: We conducted a prospective functional MRI study at 1.5 Testa in ten patients presenting with unilateral or bilateral ARMD and five age-matched controls.

[Management of acute visual loss in children].

Acute or rapidly progressive visual loss in children needs urgent attention and treatment. It may be unilateral orbilateral. Etiology depends upon the involved areas: eye ball, optic nerve, retro-chiasmatic pathways.

[Tractography of the visual pathways: routine examination in magnetic resonance imaging].

Water diffusion analysis in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an elective visualization of fiber tract orientations in cerebral white matter, especially for optic tracts. We explored 25 patients from 18 to 45 years of age, with normal MRI in 20 subjects, and radiological anomalies in five. On a 1.

[The anatomy collections of the Paris V University: their role in medical teaching for two centuries].

The Museum of anatomy of the University Paris V exhibits a collection of ancient and high quality dissections and waxworks, very well preserved, which were used for teaching anatomy and have been classified historic monument since 1992.

[CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy): clinical features and neuroimaging].

Recently identified in a french family, CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is a generalised disease of small arteries, largely predominating in the brain. Its clinical manifestations start during mid-adulthood and include recurrent ischaemic subcortical events, attacks of migraine with aura, severe mood disorders, subcortical dementia, and, at magnetic resonance imaging, widespread leuko-encephalopathy. There is so far no specific treatment and the mean duration of the disease is 20 years.

["Idiopathic" acute optic neuropathies in children].

We reported a retrospective study of 27 children (mean age = 10 years), who presented a loss of vision due to an acute optic neuritis, between 1982 and 1997. The symptoms ar more likely bilateral in children, and frequently associated with systemic viral infection or hepatitis B vaccination. Multiple sclerosis occurs approximately in 20 p.