Clinical Presentation, Risk Factors, and Comparison of Laboratory Diagnostics for Seasonal Influenza Virus Among Cambodians From 2007 to 2020.

Background: Despite its global significance, challenges associated with understanding the epidemiology and accurately detecting, measuring, and characterizing the true burden of seasonal influenza remain in many resource-poor settings.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in Cambodia at 28 health facilities between 2007 and 2020 utilizing passive surveillance data of patients presenting with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) to describe the prevalence of influenza A and B and characterize associated risk factors and symptoms using a questionnaire. A comparison of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) results was also conducted.

Worms and welfare: Behavioural and physiological changes associated with gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs.

Parasitism with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is a worldwide issue impacting negatively on animal production, health, and welfare. Therefore, early diagnostic signs of parasitism are required to allow for timely interventions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioural and physiological changes in lambs associated with GIN infection.

Migration integration policies as social determinants of health for highly educated immigrants in the United States.

Highly educated immigrants are part of the growing population of immigrants who are impacted by the increasingly hostile migration policies in the U.S. This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach and inductive reasoning to explore the possible impacts of migration integration policies as social determinants of health among this group.

Etiology and risk factors for diarrheal disease amongst rural and peri-urban populations in Cambodia, 2012-2018.

Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, disproportionally affecting persons residing in low and middle-income countries. Accessing high-resolution surveillance data to understand community-level etiology and risk remains challenging, particularly in remote and resource limited populations. A multi-year prospective cohort study was conducted in two rural and two peri-urban villages in Cambodia from 2012 to 2018 to describe the epidemiology and etiology of acute diarrheal diseases within the population.

Clinical and epidemiologic evaluation of a 2020 chikungunya outbreak in Cambodia.

Background: In 2020, the Kingdom of Cambodia experienced a nationwide outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Despite an increase in the frequency of outbreaks and expanding geographic range of CHIKV, diagnostic challenges remain, and limited surveillance data of sufficient granularity are available to characterize epidemiological profiles and disease dynamics of the virus.

Methods: An ongoing and long-standing cross-sectional study of acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) in Cambodia was leveraged to describe the disease epidemiology and characterize the clinical presentation of patients diagnosed with CHIKV during the 2020 outbreak.

The effect of corporate social responsibility on trustful relationship, supportive communication intention, and brand loyalty of ethnic halal restaurants.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among CSR activities, brand trust, supportive communication intention, and brand loyalty in a halal restaurant franchise. This study attempts to understand the brand loyalty formation among foreigners visiting a halal ethnic restaurant franchise in South Korea. This study can contribute to the body of empirical evidence showing that CSR activities for different stakeholders can increase brand loyalty mediated by trust.

The Genus Haemaphysalis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laos: An Update of Species Records and a Review of Taxonomic Challenges.

Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844, is the largest genus of ticks in Southeast Asia, but little information is available concerning the species present in Laos. Recent research has yielded records for 10 Haemaphysalis species in Laos, including 5 new records, as well as 3 morphological entities of uncertain status. Further morphological and molecular studies are needed to clarify our taxonomic understanding of this genus in Southeast Asia.

A genomic amplification affecting a carboxylesterase gene cluster confers organophosphate resistance in the mosquito : From genomic characterization to high-throughput field detection.

By altering gene expression and creating paralogs, genomic amplifications represent a key component of short-term adaptive processes. In insects, the use of insecticides can select gene amplifications causing an increased expression of detoxification enzymes, supporting the usefulness of these DNA markers for monitoring the dynamics of resistance alleles in the field. In this context, the present study aims to characterize a genomic amplification event associated with resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito and to develop a molecular assay to monitor the associated resistance alleles in the field.

Distribution of insecticide resistance and mechanisms involved in the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti in Laos and implication for vector control.

Background: The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is the major vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses. Worldwide vector control is largely based on insecticide treatments but, unfortunately, vector control programs are facing operational challenges due to mosquitoes becoming resistant to commonly used insecticides. In Southeast Asia, resistance of Ae.

Six Nearly Complete Genome Segments of a Novel Reovirus Identified in Laotian Batflies.

As part of the characterization of viral communities of Laotian batflies, we report here the sequencing of six nearly complete genome segments of a novel reovirus identified in Laotian batflies that is distantly related to reoviruses recently reported in various Diptera species.

Description of a new species of Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Laos and Thailand.

Dermacentor laothaiensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) is described based on adults ex wild boar and vegetation from Laos and Thailand.

Stress-Induced Immunomodulation in Low and High Reactive Sheep.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress and temperament on the humoral immune response of ewes. Eighty ewes were allocated to one of four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design ( = 20 ewes/treatment): low (LR) and high (HR) reactive ewes were either exposed to no stress (CON) or were visually isolated (STRESS). Ewes remained in treatment pens for 23 h: heart rate was measured continuously, and saliva samples were collected prior to testing and at 0.

The effect of increasing centrifugal acceleration/force and flow rate for varying column aspect ratios on separation efficiency in Counter-Current Chromatography.

Increasing column/tubing aspect ratio has been shown in a feasibility study to improve column efficiency when operating in reversed phase mode. This paper contains a thorough investigation on how increases in mobile phase flow and centrifugal force field affect stationary phase retention and column efficiency (as measured by the resolution between adjacent peaks) for columns wound with rectilinear tubing of different aspect ratio. The study uses a Mini CCC instrument operating from 1500 to 2100 rpm (126-246 g) to compare three columns with the same cross-sectional area but different aspect ratio - rectangular horizontal (force field perpendicular to the flat side - aspect ratio 3.

How changes in column geometry and packing ratio can increase sample load and throughput by a factor of fifty in Counter-Current Chromatography.

This paper builds on the fact that high aspect ratio rectilinear tubing columns of the same length and outside dimensions can double column efficiency. It demonstrates that further improvements in efficiency can be made by using rectilinear tubing columns with half the wall thickness thus replacing heavy PTFE with light solvent systems and producing lighter higher capacity columns. Increases in sample loading/throughput of up to 55x are demonstrated by comparing the separation of Honokiol and Magnolol using a Hexane: Ethyl Acetate: Methanol: Water (5:2:5:2) phase system with the new thin wall rectilinear column (56 mL, 30 mL/min, 2.

Bionomics and insecticide resistance of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus in northern Lao PDR.

In the last four decades there has been a staggering increase in the geographical range of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894). This species is now found in every continent except Antarctica, increasing the distribution of arboviral diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. In Lao PDR dengue epidemics occur regularly, with cases of chikungunya also reported.

New Locality Records of Ixodes granulatus and Ixodes vespertilionis (Acari: Ixodidae) From Tree-Shrews (Scandentia: Tupaiidae) and Bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in Laos.

Between May and June 2015, 512 bats, six rodents, and six tree-shrews were examined for ectoparasites in Vientiane and Khammouane Provinces, Laos. Thirty-seven ticks (33 females and four males) identified as Ixodes granulatus Supino were collected from four individuals of the Northern tree-shrew, Tupaia belangeri (Wagner) (Scandentia:Tupaiidae), and one female of Ixodes vespertilionis Koch was collected from one individual of the Intermediate Leaf-nosed Bat, Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield) (Chiroptera:Hipposideridae). This appears to be the first record of I.

The Genus Dermacentor (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laos: A Review and Update of Species Records.

Two species of the ixodid tick genus Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) have previously been documented from Laos: D. auratus Supino, 1897 and D. steini (Schulze, 1933).

Current and Future United States Light-Duty Vehicle Pathways: Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment.

This article presents a cradle-to-grave (C2G) assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs for current (2015) and future (2025-2030) light-duty vehicles. The analysis addressed both fuel cycle and vehicle manufacturing cycle for the following vehicle types: gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), flex fuel vehicles, compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Gasoline ICEVs using current technology have C2G emissions of ∼450 gCOe/mi (grams of carbon dioxide equivalents per mile), while C2G emissions from HEVs, PHEVs, H FCEVs, and BEVs range from 300-350 gCOe/mi.

Sample injection strategy to increase throughput in counter-current chromatography: Case study of Honokiol purification.

Counter-current chromatography (CCC) has been widely used as a preparative separation method to purify natural products from plant extracts and fermentation broths. Traditionally, throughput optimization in CCC has focused on sample concentration and sample volume. In this paper sample injection was considered as consisting of three variables: injection flow rate, post-injection flow rate and sample solvent.

Identification of Peptide Mimics of a Glycan Epitope on the Surface of Parasitic Nematode Larvae.

Phage display was used to identify peptide mimics of an immunologically protective nematode glycan (CarLA) by screening a constrained C7C peptide library for ligands that bound to an anti-CarLA mAb (PAB1). Characterisation of these peptide mimotopes revealed functional similarities with an epitope that is defined by PAB1. Mimotope vaccinations of mice with three selected individual phage clones facilitated the induction of antibody responses that recognised the purified, native CarLA molecule which was obtained from Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

Large-Scale Survey for Tickborne Bacteria, Khammouan Province, Laos.

We screened 768 tick pools containing 6,962 ticks from Khammouan Province, Laos, by using quantitative real-time PCR and identified Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Borrelia spp.

The 8th International Conference on Counter-current Chromatography held at Brunel University, London, UK, July 23-25, 2014.

The 8th International Conference on Counter-current Chromatography (CCC2014) was held at Brunel University London from July 23rd to 25th, 2014. It has been 14 years since Brunel hosted the first International Conference on CCC (CCC2000) at the beginning of the millennium and therefore, it was a good opportunity to review the progress of this emerging technology and particularly the impact it is having with industry today.

Mosquito Fauna of Lao People's Democratic Republic, with Special Emphasis on the Adult and Larval Surveillance at Nakai District, Khammuane Province.

This article includes the distribution records and updated checklist of mosquitoes (Culicidae, Diptera) from the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), based on the literature, specimens deposited at the US National Museum of Natural History mosquito collections, and our recent field collections from the Nakai District, Khammuane Province. Ten of 101 species in the updated checklist of mosquitoes are new records for the Lao PDR.

Scale-up protein separation on stainless steel wide bore toroidal columns in the type-J counter-current chromatography.

Manufacturing high-value added biotech biopharmaceutical products (e.g. therapeutic proteins) requires quick-to-develop, GMP-compliant, easy-to-scale and cost effective preparatory chromatography technologies.

Steady-state and non-steady state operation of counter-current chromatography devices.

Different variants of separation processes based on steady-state (continuous sample loading) and non-steady state (batch) operating modes of CCC columns have been analyzed and compared. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the modified equilibrium cell model, which takes into account both mechanisms of band broadening - interphase mass transfer and axial mixing. A full theoretical treatment of the intermittent counter-current chromatography with short sample loading time is performed.