COVID-19 within a large UK prison with a high number of vulnerable adults, march to june 2020: An outbreak investigation and screening event.

Objective: To describe the public health response to COVID-19 within a large prison with a high number of clinically vulnerable residents.

Design: An outbreak investigation was undertaken among all residents and staff. A screening event involved nose and throat swab samples from residents and staff, examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Planktonic Fiddler Crab () Are Susceptible to Photoinduced Toxicity Following Exposure in Oiled Mesocosms.

Benthic organisms may be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments as the result of oil spills. PAH photoinduced toxicity, which has been documented in a wide range of early life stage (ELS) aquatic biota, is a phenomenon by which ultraviolet (UV) radiation potentiates the toxicity of photodynamic PAHs (often leading to mortality). Fiddler crabs ) are important ecosystem engineers that influence biogeochemical cycles via burrowing.

The Role of a Host-Induced Arginase of pv. in Promoting Virulence on Rice.

The plant bacterial pathogen pv. causes bacterial blight of rice, which is one of the most destructive rice diseases prevalent in Asia and parts of Africa. Despite many years of research, how pv.

Novel Salicylic Acid Analogs Induce a Potent Defense Response in Arabidopsis.

The master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defense, NPR1 (NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1) and its paralogs NPR3 and NPR4, act as SA receptors. After the perception of a pathogen, plant cells produce SA in the chloroplast. In the presence of SA, NPR1 protein is reduced from oligomers to monomers, and translocated into the nucleus.

NPR1 Promotes Its Own and Target Gene Expression in Plant Defense by Recruiting CDK8.

NPR1 (NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1) functions as a master regulator of the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) signaling and plays an essential role in plant immunity. In the nucleus, NPR1 interacts with transcription factors to induce the expression of (-) genes and thereby promote defense responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of gene activation is poorly understood.

PBS3 Protects EDS1 from Proteasome-Mediated Degradation in Plant Immunity.

Plant immunity is controlled by both positive regulators such as PBS3 and EDS1 and negative regulators such as NPR3 and NPR4. However, the relationships among these important immune regulators remain elusive. In this study, we found that PBS3 interacts with EDS1 in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and is required for EDS1 protein accumulation.

Proximal iliotibial band thickness as a cause for recalcitrant greater trochanteric pain syndrome.

To investigate iliotibial band (ITB) diameter thickness at the greater trochanter in patients requiring iliotibial band release who have failed conservative modalities, in comparison to an asymptomatic patient population. A total of 68 subjects were selected to be reviewed using T2 axial plane MRI. The ITB diameter thickness was measured in 34 subjects who underwent surgical ITB release, and compared with a match-paired asymptomatic hip cohort consisting of 34 subjects.

Melatonin Treatment Inhibits the Growth of pv. .

pv. () causes rice bacterial blight (BB), one of the most widespread and destructive diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. Melatonin enhances pathogen resistance by inducing plant innate immunity, but the direct effect of melatonin on plant pathogenic bacteria is poorly understood.

TCP Transcription Factors Interact With NPR1 and Contribute Redundantly to Systemic Acquired Resistance.

In , TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF1 (TCP) transcription factors (TF) play critical functions in developmental processes. Recent studies suggest they also function in plant immunity, but whether they play an important role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is still unknown. NON-EXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1), as an essential transcriptional regulatory node in SAR, exerts its regulatory role in downstream genes expression through interaction with TFs.

Specific and Accurate Detection of the Citrus Greening Pathogen Candidatus liberibacter spp. Using Conventional PCR on Citrus Leaf Tissue Samples.

Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, is a destructive citrus disease ravaging citrus farms globally. This disease causes asymmetrical yellow leaf mottling, vein yellowing, defoliation, root decay, and ultimately, the death of the citrus plant. When infected, the citrus plants have stunted growth and produce flowers out of season.

Accuracy of 3 Clinical Tests to Diagnose Proximal Hamstrings Tears With and Without Sciatic Nerve Involvement in Patients With Posterior Hip Pain.

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the active hamstring test at 30° (A-30) and 90° (A-90) of knee flexion, the long stride heel strike (LSHS) test, and combination of the 3 tests for individuals with hamstring tendon tears, with and without sciatic nerve involvement.

Methods: A retrospective review of 564 consecutive clinical records identified 42 subjects with a mean age of 50.31 ± 15 years who underwent a standard physical examination prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and diagnostic injection for posterior hip.

A Bacterial Type III Effector Targets the Master Regulator of Salicylic Acid Signaling, NPR1, to Subvert Plant Immunity.

Most plant bacterial pathogens rely on type III effectors to cause diseases. Although it is well known that the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays an essential role in defense, whether the master regulator of SA signaling, NPR1, is targeted by any plant pathogen effectors is unknown. SA facilitates the reduction of cytosolic NPR1 oligomers into monomers, which enter the nucleus and function as transcriptional coactivators of plant defense genes.

Contribution of the Pubofemoral Ligament to Hip Stability: A Biomechanical Study.

Purpose: To determine the isolated function of the pubofemoral ligament of the hip capsule and its contribution to hip stability in external/internal rotational motion during flexion greater than 30° and abduction.

Methods: Thirteen hips from 7 fresh-frozen pelvis-to-toe cadavers were skeletonized from the lumbar spine to the distal femur with the capsular ligaments intact. Computed tomographic imaging was performed to ensure no occult pathological state existed, and assess bony anatomy.

The Hip-Spine Effect: A Biomechanical Study of Ischiofemoral Impingement Effect on Lumbar Facet Joints.

Purpose: To assess the relation between ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) and lumbar facet joint load during hip extension in cadavers.

Methods: Twelve hips in 6 fresh T1-to-toes cadaveric specimens were tested. A complete pretesting imaging evaluation was performed using computed tomography scan.

Ischiofemoral Impingement and Hamstring Syndrome as Causes of Posterior Hip Pain: Where Do We Go Next?

Recent advances in understanding hip joint anatomy and biomechanics have contributed to improvement of diagnosis and treatment decisions for distal causes of deep gluteal syndrome (DGS). Ischiofemoral impingement and hamstrings syndrome are sources of posterior hip pain that can simulate symptoms of DGS. The combination of a comprehensive history and physical examination with imaging and ancillary testing are critical for diagnosis.

Accuracy of 2 Clinical Tests for Ischiofemoral Impingement in Patients With Posterior Hip Pain and Endoscopically Confirmed Diagnosis.

Purpose: To establish the accuracy of the long-stride walking (LSW) and ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) tests for diagnosing IFI in patients whose primary symptom is posterior hip pain.

Methods: Confirmed IFI cases and cases in which IFI had been ruled out were identified considering imaging, injections, and endoscopic assessment, combined with pain relief and negative IFI-specific tests after treatment. Demographic data, duration of symptoms, pain location, ischiofemoral space, quadratus femoris space, quadratus femoris edema, surgical findings, and visual analog scale score for pain before and after treatment were computed for all patients included in this study.

Iliopsoas tendon insertion footprint with surgical implications in lesser trochanterplasty for treating ischiofemoral impingement: an anatomic study.

The objective of this study was to describe the footprint location of the iliopsoas tendon on the lesser trochanter to clarify the surgical implications of the lesser trochanterplasty for treating ischiofemoral impingement. Ten non-matched, fresh-frozen, cadaveric hemipelvis specimens (average age, 62.4 years; range, 48-84 years; 7 male and 3 female) were included.

Is there a relationship between psoas impingement and increased trochanteric retroversion?

The concept of psoas impingement secondary to a tight or inflamed iliopsoas tendon causing impingement of the anterior labrum during hip extension has been suggested. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the lesser trochanteric version (LTV) in symptomatic patients with psoas impingement as compared with asymptomatic hips. The femoral neck version (FNV) and LTV were evaluated on axial magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the angle between LTV and FNV.

Femoral Neck Anteversion and Lesser Trochanteric Retroversion in Patients With Ischiofemoral Impingement: A Case-Control Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Purpose: To assess the relationship between the femoral neck version (FNV) and lesser trochanteric version (LTV) in symptomatic patients with ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) as compared with asymptomatic hips.

Methods: The FNV and LTV of patients with symptomatic IFI who underwent magnetic resonance imaging assessment including a standardized femoral version study protocol were compared with those of patients with asymptomatic hips in this retrospective, observational study. Patients with isolated intra-articular pathology, prior hip fracture, and lesser trochanter deformity were excluded.

Diagnosis and 2-year outcomes of endoscopic treatment for ischiofemoral impingement.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the clinical and radiographic presentation of patients with ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) and to assess the outcomes of endoscopic treatment with partial resection of the lesser trochanter.

Methods: Five patients with IFI who underwent endoscopic treatment with partial resection of the lesser trochanter were retrospectively reviewed. The outcomes were assessed at a mean follow-up of 2.

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for sciatic nerve entrapment in the gluteal region.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the straight leg raise (SLR), active piriformis, and seated piriformis stretch tests in identifying individuals with sciatic nerve entrapment.

Methods: Thirty-three individuals (female = 25 and male = 8) with a mean age of 43 years (range 15-64; SD ± 11 years) were included in the study. Twenty-three subjects had endoscopic findings of sciatic nerve entrapment.

Monopolar radiofrequency use in deep gluteal space endoscopy: sciatic nerve safety and fluid temperature.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature at the sciatic nerve when using a monopolar radiofrequency (RF) probe to control bleeding in deep gluteal space endoscopy, as well as assess the fluid temperature profile.

Methods: Ten hips in 5 fresh-frozen human cadaveric specimens from the abdomen to the toes were used for this experiment. Temperatures were measured at the sciatic nerve after 2, 5, and 10 seconds of continuous RF probe activation over an adjacent vessel, a branch of the inferior gluteal artery.

History and physical examination of the hip: the basics.

The history and physical examination of the hip is the key component for evaluation of patients presenting with hip pain. As our understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the normal hip vs the pathologic hip advances, the physical examination progresses as well. As with the shoulder and knee examinations, there are critical steps that form the basis of the examination of the hip joint.

Physiological changes as a result of hip arthroscopy performed with traction.

Purpose: To evaluate the physiological effects of hip arthroscopy using traction on venous blood flow, nerve conduction, soft-tissue injury, fibrinolysis, and patient pain.

Methods: Thirty subjects were prospectively analyzed in an institutional review board-approved study. The visual analog scale pain score, creatine phosphokinase (CPK)-MM level, and D-dimer test were obtained preoperatively, postoperatively, and 5 days postoperatively.