Artificial Intelligence, Heuristic Biases, and the Optimization of Health Outcomes: Cautionary Optimism.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in clinical care offers great promise to improve patient health outcomes and reduce health inequity across patient populations. However, inherent biases in these applications, and the subsequent potential risk of harm can limit current use. Multi-modal workflows designed to minimize these limitations in the development, implementation, and evaluation of ML systems in real-world settings are needed to improve efficacy while reducing bias and the risk of potential harms.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Polystyrene Composite Capsules with Aqueous Cargo via a Water-Oil-Water Multiple Emulsion Templating Route.

Graphene oxide/polystyrene (GO/PS) nanocomposite capsules containing a two-compartment cargo have been successfully fabricated using a Pickering emulsion strategy. Highly purified GO sheets with typically micrometer-scale lateral dimensions and amphiphilic characteristics were prepared from the oxidation reaction of graphite with concomitant exfoliation of the graphite structure. These GO sheets were employed as a stabilizer for oil-in-water emulsions where the oil phase comprised toluene or olive oil.

Patient preferences for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer in Japan: a discrete-choice experiment.

Background: Up to a fifth of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (PC) will develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which has been associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to consider the patient perspective as part of the overall treatment decision-making process for CRPC, given that an alignment between patient preference and prescribing has been shown to benefit patient outcomes. This study examines preferences of patients with CRPC in Japan for treatment features associated with treatments like RA-223, abiraterone, and docetaxel and to examine the extent to which treatment preferences may vary between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

Heat-induced changes in the properties of modified skim milks with different casein to whey protein ratios.

The heat-induced changes in pH, Ca activity and viscosity after heating at 90 °C for 10 min of five modified skim milks were studied as a function of the initial pH of the milks at 25 °C. The milks had (i) different ratios of casein : whey protein (0.03, 1.

Calcium phosphates in Ca(2+)-fortified milk: phase identification and quantification by Raman spectroscopy.

Calcium phosphate nanoclusters (CPNs) are important for the structure, function, and nutrient density of many dairy products. Phosphorylated amino acids in caseins stabilize calcium phosphate as nanoclusters which are amorphous to X-ray diffraction and exist within casein micelles, and these CPNs play a key role in micelle stability. Addition of calcium to milk results in further calcium phosphate removal from the serum, and there is uncertainty about the nature of the material formed and its stability.

The influence of milk composition on pH and calcium activity measured in situ during heat treatment of reconstituted skim milk.

The pH and calcium activity of reconstituted skim milk solutions (9-21% w/w milk solids non-fat) on heating and after cooling were studied as a function of milk pH prior to heating (pH 6.2-7.2 at 25 degrees C) and added calcium complexing agents (phosphate or EDTA).

The use of sedimentation field flow fractionation and photon correlation spectroscopy in the characterization of casein micelles.

Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) was combined with Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS), to characterize changes in the structure of the colloidal particles of reconstituted skim milk of diameter >50 nm (aggregates of casein and calcium phosphate known as casein micelles) with the changes in partitioning (with the addition of salt) of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and casein between the serum and colloidal phases of the milk. The number weighted particle size distributions are determined. These are well represented by a log-normal distribution.

A low-cost light-scattering detector for the flow-injection nephelometric determination of sulfate.

A simple low-cost flow-through light-scattering detector was developed for determining the particle mass concentration in colloidal suspensions. Employing a laser pointer as a light source and a photodiode IC as a light sensor, the detector was shown to have good sensitivity, yet was small and battery operated. The detector was demonstrated to be effective for the flow-injection nephelometric determination of sulfate by precipitation as barium sulfate.