Embryonic motor neuron programming factors reactivate immature gene expression and suppress ALS pathologies in postnatal motor neurons.

Aging is a major risk factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Whereas young neurons are capable of buffering disease-causing stresses, mature neurons lose this ability and degenerate over time. We hypothesized that the resilience of young motor neurons could be restored by re-expression of the embryonic motor neuron selector transcription factors ISL1 and LHX3.

"Round, red globules floating in a crystalline fluid" - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek's observations of red blood cells and hemocytes.

This article addresses a deficit in the cell biology and hematology literature, specifically regarding Antoni van Leeuwenhoek's central role in observing and describing red blood cells and hemocytes. While the existing literature on the history of hematology usually mentions Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, typically, it is an incomplete summary of his contributions. Leeuwenhoek is cited as one of the three individuals who first saw and described red blood cells through their microscope lenses.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: defining proportion in the microscopic realm during the 17th century.

This article examines comparisons Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made between everyday objects, such as grains of sand, millet seeds, and hairs, and the structures and objects he observed through his single-lens microscopes. These comparisons, their possible origins in commerce, and the variety of Leeuwenhoek's observations have not been appreciated widely for their elegance. His measurements of the microscopic world might have grown out of his time as an apprentice to William Davidson, an international cloth merchant in Amsterdam, Leeuwenhoek's surveying licensure, drapery business, and other commercial experiences in Delft.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and measuring the invisible: The context of 16th and 17th century micrometry.

This article explores the impact of 16th and 17th-century developments in micrometry on the methods Antoni van Leeuwenhoek employed to measure the microscopic creatures he discovered in various samples collected from his acquaintances and from local water sources. While other publications have presented Leeuwenhoek's measurement methods, an examination of the context of his techniques is missing. These previous measurement methods, driven by the need to improve navigation, surveying, astronomy, and ballistics, may have had an impact on Leeuwenhoek's methods.

SARS-CoV: Lessons learned; opportunities missed for SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 have made a retrospective analysis of other coronavirus diseases important, so this article reviews the history of the SARS-CoV viral disease from 2003. Standard and clinical chemistry diagnostics were developed in response to the outbreak. The response to SARS is examined to determine if there were lessons learned before it disappeared in June and July 2003.

Feasibility of a multigroup deterministic solution method for three-dimensional radiotherapy dose calculations.

Purpose: To investigate the potential of a novel deterministic solver, Attila, for external photon beam radiotherapy dose calculations.

Methods And Materials: Two hypothetical cases for prostate and head-and-neck cancer photon beam treatment plans were calculated using Attila and EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulations. Open beams were modeled as isotropic photon point sources collimated to specified field sizes.